Compare and Contrast Essay

In Pride and Prejudice, the main character Elizabeth is shown to have great pride towards the main male character Darcy. This is because in their first meeting Elizabeth’s pride is wounded by Darcy as he says †She is tolerable, but not handsome enough to tempt me, and I am in no humor to give consequence to young ladies who are slighted by other men.† This unkind and proud comment causes Elizabeth to take an immediate dislike to Darcy. After everyone has left for Rosings, Elizabeth is still furious from the news that Darcy was the cause of Jane and Bingley’s break up. Elizabeth is then shocked by the arrival of Darcy. After a few moments of silence, Darcy shocks Elizabeth with a sudden declaration of love for her and a proposal of marriage. At first, Elizabeth is flattered in spite of her deeply rooted prejudice against Darcy. Elizabeth’s feelings soon turn to rage as Darcy catalogs all the reasons why he did not pursue his feelings earlier. As payback, Elizabeth stuns Darcy by refusing his proposal very harshly. This shows the extent of her prejudice against Darcy as she says that even from the beginning she disliked him. Meanwhile, Collins proposal is an altogether completely different. There are no unkind words, shouts or insults. Collins proposal is different because with him, Elizabeth has no â€Å"dislike† for him as she does for Darcy. Even though his proposal is very business like and not of love, Elizabeth is shown to have strength in declining it very kindly. Mr. Collins proposes to Elizabeth, in a long speech explaining that he considers it appropriate for him to marry and that he wants to marry one of the Ms. Bennets in order lessen the difficulty of the entailment of the estate. Elizabeth refuses him in no uncertain terms, but Mr. Collins refuses to believe that her refusal could be sincere, considering it a formality of female etiquette to always refuse a proposal the first time. However, Elizabeth repeats and strengthens her refusal, but as he still cannot believe her to be sincere, so she leaves. Mr. Collins’ proposal and his reaction to Elizabeth’s refusal set Austen’s portrait of this absurd character. Only after he explains these cold considerations does he mention that he has a high regard for Elizabeth. Since none of his own words expresses genuine thoughts or feelings, he assumes that no one else’s words do either. Further, his conceit prevents him from seeing any reason why Elizabeth would not want to marry him. However, Elizabeth’s reactions to each proposal are very different. When Collins proposes to her, she declines politely, and then walks off whereas in Darcy’s proposal Elizabeth is very rude to Darcy, and declines him very harshly. She means to hurt him with his words. She gives both her proposers a beating of their pride. When we look at her reactions to both the proposals, we are shown how deep and fixed Elizabeth’s prejudice against Darcy is because she does not give Darcy a chance to explain himself and she readily believes Wickham’s words. Here we really see how badly she dislikes Darcy. It is almost as if Darcy is to be blamed for everything. Elizabeth does not stop to think that Darcy might actually be right. These two events bring out the title as Elizabeth is shown to have her pride and prejudices and Darcy his own each believing that the other is wrong.

My First Real Experience With Biometrics

My first real experience with biometrics occurred when my son purchased a new cell phone nearly two years ago. During the initial setup, he selected an iris scan as his passcode. I was a little surprised by the technology and skeptical of the convenience and security. My first question to him was, â€Å"What if someone needs to get in your phone?†. He quickly replied, â€Å"That is what the security feature is for, so they can't get in. If I want them in it, I'll open it and hand it to them.† He is an active duty Navy sailor. He explained to me that he felt more secure knowing that no one could break into his phone because of this passcode. I observed him over the next two weeks while he was home on leave. Each time he accessed his phone, he simply looked into the screen and instantly he had access. He has shared that when others see that his passcode is an iris scan, they realize they cannot hack into the phone. Most never attempt anything at this point. Those that do are not successful. To this day, he has not had any security issues with his phone. Watching the success and ease at which biometrics worked with a cell phone, I moved to a biometrics passcode when I purchased a new computer earlier this year. My new computer came with FastAccess Facial Recognition. After initial setup which included some training to recognize my face, I no longer had to enter a password or PIN. .There are advanced features that turn off the webcam, enable parental controls, and enable an automatic login feature that make FastAccess safe and user-friendly. When someone else tries to access my computer, access is denied because FastAccess does not recognize them. I've been told for many years that my daughter could pass as my twin, but the computer knows better, it would not unlock for her. Lighting can affect the process, the system does not work in poor lighting conditions. In these cases, I am prompted for a second form of authentication, a PIN or password. Other than this, I have been very pleased with not having to use a password to access my system and knowing my data is secure. Now that I was familiar with biometrics in â€Å"my† environment, I wanted to learn more about biometrics in the area of health information, an area I have worked in for nearly thirty years. According to Whitman and Mattord (2018), biometric access control refers to physiological characteristics used to authenticate identification that has been provided. This control relies on recognition, comparing an actual image to a stored image. Fingerprints, palm prints, hand geometry, facial recognition, retinal prints, and iris patterns are types of biometric authentication technologies. The three characteristics in humans that are generally considered unique are the fingerprints, the retina, and the iris (pp 334-335). Iris recognition provides the highest level of accuracy of all biometric markers. According to Katz, the algorithms used in iris recognition are so accurate â€Å"that the entire planet could be enrolled in an iris database with only a small chance of false acceptance or false rejection† (2002). Concerns in the area of biometrics are â€Å"false negative† and â€Å"false positive†. When an individual has a false negative their identity is registered within the system but for some reason, the system does not recognize them. A false positive is the larger concern. This rating means the individual is not registered within the system, yet the system is recognizing them as another registered user and providing access to them based on that recognition. Facial recognition technology opens the door to many possibilities in healthcare, particularly in the area of health information management. This technology has been widely discussed as part of the national patient identifier initiative. Facial recognition is a preferred technology over other biometric techniques because it does not require direct contact with the patient and it is easily deployed. Some of the uses for facial recognition in the health information management area allows for authentication of proper security clearance for employees to grant or deny access within the EHR to staff without a password or PIN. By authenticating your employee, you are maintaining the confidentiality of the protected information. The same technology can be used to verify or authenticate the identity of a provider when they access controlled substances. Facial recognition is the preferred technology because â€Å"some areas within a hospital zones require clinicians to wear surgical gloves and masks, thereby prohibiting the use of fingerprint authentication† (Callahan, 2017). Another option is a feature where â€Å"a patient's image can bring up their file in the EHR using facial recognition software† (McCleary, 2016). This security feature allows the healthcare provider to compare their patient to the stored patient image. Authenticating the patient allows you to maintain the integrity of your data, minimize medical mistakes and improve patient safety. Additional bonuses will be cost savings by reducing fraud, and improved protection or security of confidential patient heath information. There are yet additional benefits of facial recognition to the medical arena. One benefit is the prevention or reduction of medical identity theft. Medical identity theft occurs when someone uses another individual's information to obtain medical services for personal or financial reasons. If the individual presenting for treatment had to be identified by facial recognition, their identity would be authenticated or denied. This could prevent someone from trying to use your insurance benefits or obtain access to your demographic or financial information. Again, this protects the security of confidential patient data. Facial recognition is also an important authentication feature in the healthcare field to establish the identity of patients, particularly those that are unresponsive. Early identification of these patients in emergency situations within an integrated EHR can give healthcare providers instant health information about medical conditions, medications, and allergies. Facial recognition provides a better alternative for identification than fingerprinting for burn victims those patients who have experienced amputations. Some genetic conditions allow diagnosis via facial recognition according to a study at the National Human Genome Research Institute. One provider of facial recognition software, Nextgate, â€Å"claims to simplify registration, flag fraudulent activity, and eliminate the creation of duplicate records† (McCleary, 2016). We may be able to eliminate duplicate records if this software meets its expectation. Duplicate records are a data quality issue that result in compromised â€Å"patient safety, medical care, data accuracy, and reimbursement† (Harris and Houser, 2018). Duplicate records occur for a variety of reasons, primarily human error due to transposing of letters and/or numbers during data entry, the use or non-use of middle names, and abbreviations. As we see more and more organizations merge or become part of a larger healthcare organization, the opportunity for duplicate medical records increase. â€Å"Duplicate records have caused negative outcomes in the discovery phase of the litigation process because there will be discrepancies with diagnoses, medications, and allergies† (Harris and Houser, 2018). Maintaining a single, confidential patient record ensures the availability and integrity of the patient data. Organizations are beginning to turn to biometrics to eliminate their duplicate records. The three possible methods include iris, palm vein, and fingerprint scanning. Iris scanning is the preferred method because it â€Å"supports hospital infection control initiatives and is very effective in preventing duplicates as there is a low occurrence of false positives and extremely low (almost zero percent) false negative rate† (Harris and Houser, 2018). With iris scanning, the technology never has to touch the patient whereas, palm vein and fingerprint scanning technology requires a physical contact between the patient and the technology. This increases the opportunity for infections to be spread. Organizations with an advanced enterprise master patient index (EMPI) are those that often contain patient information for multiple locations within one health system. The EMPI integrates data from the various systems forming an â€Å"overarching technology umbrella, resolving and synchronizing data issues and providing a single patient view that can be accessed across the enterprise. The EMPI resolves data quality issues and synchronizes back to enable accurate patient identification and matching that minimizes duplicates records† (Harris and Houser, 2018). The EMPI provides a level of confidentiality and security throughout the organization. When biometrics are implemented at the registration process and integrated into the EHR, health information professionals and providers can view and authenticate the patient information while working with the patient and within the EHR. Members of a data integrity team can verify patient records are properly integrating into the EHR as the patient moves through the health system. In areas where a facial recognition or fingerprint cannot be captured but a barcode can be scanned, the integration provides the patient's image for a comparison prior to medication administration or other service. This form of authentication provides an added security and safety feature. While all of this technology sounds like a win for the patient and the healthcare system in general, we must also consider the law. According to Hedges, three states (Illinois, Texas, and Washington) now have legislation that regulate how biometric information is collected and used. More states are expected to follow suit. The Illinois Biometric Privacy Act (BIPA), â€Å"defines biometric information to mean â€Å"any information, regardless of how it is captured, converted, stored, or shared, based on an individual's biometric identifier used to identify an individual.† (Hughes, 2018). BIPA does not include information captured in a healthcare setting or collected for treatment, payment, or healthcare options under HIPAA. It is uncertain how the Department of Health and Human Services will address biometric information at this time. One area that healthcare organizations should start to consider is how their business associates may interact with any biometric information they collect. The changing pace of technology is trying to keep up with the pace of today's security challenges. It seems as if each day we hear of another security breach or security issue almost daily. There are tools for the health information professional to address or combat areas information security issues. Two of the most powerful tools are iris scanning and facial recognition. These tools can authenticate employee and patient identification. By authenticating the employee, you maintain confidentiality of information. By authenticating the patient, you maintain patient safety and the integrity of your data.

Choosing a Car to Buy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Choosing a Car to Buy - Essay Example The most important factors that influenced my decision in what type of car to buy are its affordability, use and aesthetic features. I like the Toyota Corolla because even though the price is quite high for me, I think I can work for it given a good payment scheme wherein I can pay for the item within a year. As I mentioned earlier, the car will be primarily for my daily activities so I want a car that is handy enough so I will not have trouble in parking spaces and even when I am on the road. I think the Corolla is easy to maneuver because of its ideal size and I can use it to work, school or other activities such as picnics and family visits. The car is just perfect for me in terms of functionality because with the many places I could use the car for, I do not think I would need another car for other functions. Lastly, I also want the features of the car. The car looks simple from the outside which I like so much because it is not a show-off. The size of the car is really important for me as well because it affects the functions mentioned above. I do not like a smaller car simply because I do not prefer it. I want to have friends ride with me for outdoor activities so I want a car that enables me to do just that. But a larger car would be difficult to bring along to most of my activities. Although a bigger car would be nice for outdoor activities such as picnics and camping but it is not every day that I go to such occasions. The Toyota Corolla is really a perfect choice for me in terms of price, functions and size.

Can Literature Tell the Truth better than other arts or Essay

Can Literature Tell the Truth better than other arts or - Essay Example Modern technology is so increasingly dominating the world minds that the taste for art and literature has taken a back seat in our interests. Literary compositions--- poetry, drama, prose, novel, and story are a very old form of art and have always been very close to human heart. The immortal compositions of great masters continue to entertain the human hearts of all generations. The present day masters in the field are in no way inferior but given the other faculties of entertainment that modern technology is offering this art is attracting lesser interest. Now the question---- can literature tell the truth ---- has two aspects of thought, what it tells and how No literary depictions are factual events, but they always reflect some objective observations of the artist. They are the feedbacks of truth if not the actual truth. There are lots of literary works based on true historical events but they do not depict the historical events in the truthful perspective. The artist here by his artistic talents produces a piece of art though related to the historical facts. The purpose of the artist here also is not to depict an historical event but to create a piece of art. A literary artist is not a historian whose duty is to find out the real truths and present them before the reader and preserve them for use by all future generations. The truth of a historian is determined by how he has toiled to find out the truth and how honestly he has put it in his work. The literary artist has no such obligation to fulfill. He writes for the pleasure of the reader by fabricating events through the rich flights of his imagination just like a painter who paints a painting the details of which touch the cords of human heart so deeply that it becomes a joy forever. A present day poet or novelist or a playwright is a professional too. He has to keep pace with the other professionals in maintaining himself financially. He writes according to the tastes of his readers that would fetch him enough money besides name that he wants for himself. He is not much interested in the service of the literature as the old masters in the field used to be. He is not expected to write about true stories or events but at the same time his work cannot be away from the hard realities of life. They should reflect them truly otherwise public cannot appreciate them and he can be thrown out of the public gaze. The modern literature thus really tells the truth by reflecting the facts of life. Literature, in fact, has the capacity to tell truths better than other arts as different forms of literature have a much larger field. Take the case of poetry in almost all the languages of the world, both the widely used and little used, it is the oldest form of literature that continues to entertain people at all levels since time immemorial. Poetry has always been closest to the human heart in all ages for it's reflecting the truest and hardest realities of life. It continues to do so and cannot be equaled or superseded by any other form of art whatsoever. Though no serious poetry depicts in its

E-Logistics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

E-Logistics - Essay Example But this is not possible in reality. As e-business (e-commerce) develops there is an evolution in the logistical services offered by companies (Beebe, n.d.). E-logistics is a system of ‘automating logistic process’ that provides an integrated, end-end completion of services and supply chain management of services to players, who perform logistic practices (Zhang & Et. Al., n.d.). The development of logistics comes under three categories such as military logistics, business logistics and e-logistics. Nowadays, e-logistics has become the most modern concept in the logistics industry. It can understand and recognise the utility of electronic technology, automation as well as network technology (Weixi & Jian-Jun, n.d.). 2.0 Reason for Emergence of E-Logistics and Its Distinguishing Factors E-logistics signifies a process of acquisition and storage of goods and services and also the products’ and goods’ movement and their information in an appropriate manner wit h best service and lowest cost. The competitive environment has enabled e-logistics to function more effectively. Customers are provided best services with the help of e-logistics. Due to e-logistics, the products are delivered with better quality, reduced costs and shorter lead time. Companies can gradually organise their operations in synchronised time and make the information available according to customer’s needs and the products can also be prepared in time. Customers require not only latest information, but also immediate information regarding the place and disposition of the entire productive assets. They expect to have the information of the location of the asset with available transportation facilities. Based on this present situation, logistics is becoming chief enabler of ‘real-time response’ to the needs of customers. It is becoming tools which create space for important cost reduction. Overall financial perspective drill benefits from improving in v arious areas. E-logistics is advantageous for a company to investigate its internal resources as well as collective resources of vendors, suppliers, customers and buyers. The emergence of e-logistics represents challenges and opportunities for a company. Information need to be passed through both organisational boundaries as well as distances that split and span the whole enterprise. The power of E-logistics is present in its ability while bringing together former unlinked information access to the entire supply chain production and for developing effective tools in order to handle complex flow of information as well as materials (Jovovic, 2010). The challenges faced by e-logistics include limited retailing experience and in certain cases volume of return is not definite (Sarkis, 2011). E-logistics is an outgrowth of e-commerce revolution. As the information is gathered rapidly, a company can develop the logistics service with low cost (Business Week, n.d.). E-logistics leverages th e power of internet and other wireless technologies in order to provide vital information to supply chain participants. It also offers extraordinary levels of visibility across the entire supply chain. Emergent e-logistics solution providers as well as service companies are blowing into this prospect. They are tapping by means of addressing logistics issues which includes supplier selection, order fulfilment, asset utilisation, inventory management, order visibility and pricing (Beebe,

International Marketing - Brazil Country Notebook Term Project Paper

International Marketing - Brazil Country Notebook Project - Term Paper Example The success of a business depends on culture. Culture varies from country to country depending on the origin, religion or cultural practice of the indigenous population. In fact, the tradition of the indigenous and the effect of religion in behavior is advance. For example, Brazil population is affiliated to Catholicism and the impact of religion may be adverse in some areas. However, Christianity offers the opportunity for success through integration and acceptance. Brastemp is a company dealing with kitchen equipment with the main focus being on cookers and fridges. It targets export to countries such as the US, Argentina and other South American countries. However, in the next decade the company intends to supply its product globally by venturing into Asian and African markets. The origin of the Brazil nation is under dispute by archaeologists. However, the beginning of the nation can be traced back to the native population described by the Portuguese colonizers as Indians. In the early discovery there were over 2000 tribes living in Brazil. The nature of the population owing to the difference in origin is complex with a diverse approach to business and other related activities. The history of Brazil is a complex story with diverse conflicts in academic report or work. In fact, the country’s history is divided into several eras with the main focus being on the colonization era. For business, the population and preference is vital because they help in determination of the market quality. Geographical setting Brazil is locates in the South America continent and is covers almost half of the continent. It is the largest country in the continent but has diverse coverage. The total area coverage is 8,514,215km2 which is both land and water combined. It is border

Exploring University Students' Perception of Healthy Eating and Food Essay

Exploring University Students' Perception of Healthy Eating and Food Consumption - Essay Example It is widely known that about 8% of students in the university ate at least five meals of either fruits or vegetables daily (Roosen et al., 2011). This trend is even worse among the third and fourth year students at the university. There is a strong correlation between demographic and psychographic physiognomies with food consumption behaviour among university students. The dietary habits developed in the first two years at the university are carried on to later years in the university (Dunn, 2013). Student’s residences have also been found to affect their dietary habits. For instance, off-campus students were reported to take healthier foods than those living within the campus (Brown, 2014). A healthy eating habit is vital to good health throughout a person’s lifespan (Tseng, 1981). Despite the knowledge imparted in populations on the benefits of healthy eating, unwarranted consumption of food is prevalent especially among the adult population (Lindgreen & Hingley, 200 9). Previous works indicate that female students have a tendency towards fatty foods as compared to their male counterparts. However, fruit and consumption levels across both gender is the same (Shield, Mullen & Association, 2002). According to a study conducted by Tseng (1981) on the eating habits of students in California public schools, female students tend to avoid some food types especially junk owing to worries associated with body weight, beliefs and fitness. On the contrary, male students reported insignificant concern about weight and had no problem consuming junk food (Scaffa & Reitz, 2013). Therefore, it was evident that the choice of food type for male and female students was dictated by a number of... This report approves that to achieve such efforts there is need to develop projects aimed at imparting positive eating habits and creating awareness and attitudes towards appropriate diets. Such projects should aim at nurturing health eating habits among university students. Further, stakeholders owe to develop mechanisms that would ensure availability of adequate resources and healthy food types within the reach of college students in an effort to eliminate barriers of cost and availability impeding healthy eating habits. Lastly, there is need for a comprehensive partnership between the university’s catering departments with suppliers to ensure that shortage of specific food commodities is eliminated. There is also a need to create awareness regarding healthy choices of food through food exhibitions and demonstrations among the university students. This essay makes a conclusion that the findings of this research are based on the personal views of participating individuals within the focus groups. The views sampled from these groups may not reflect the views of the entire university populations. Each individual has his/her own identity and perception of food choice. In addition, identification of themes and cohesions was a big challenge in conducting this research. This was because the research was based on a relatively low sample considered. Time constraint was another challenge that faced the research process.

McDonalds Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

McDonalds Marketing - Essay Example McDonald's offers some training to the store managers. The training is done every year and the goal of training them is to ensure they provide the best quality services in all countries. Its vision gives it the advantage in the industry especially because it is competitive. Exams are done to ensure the trainees are perfect. The McDonalds make the effort to make high profits by improving speed and efficiency amongst the restaurants. This plan was a result of the McDonalds introduction of wraps that slowed speed times since they required new techniques. The need for increased speed is the high growth rate in the economy (Panwer 2004).The McDonalds work on increasing profits by product innovation to allow training and development. The improvements made help in reducing the ordering times and the waiting times. From the financial perspective, the McDonalds focus on profits and sales. In the customer, prospective service times are the main areas of focus. In the growing and learning persp ectives; how the employee is committed, and turnovers are the focuses. The financial perspective of the McDonalds focuses on sales and the store manager probably specifies areas that are to be improved. Increase in the market share and increase the production and delivery times maximizes the productivity (Grove 2000). On focusing on the sales, the McDonalds focus its attention on the cost leadership and efficiency. The customer perspective focuses on areas including new customers. Combining all these areas makes sure that customers have experiences that are repeated on the good quality products and services and they tell their friends. Learning focuses on important concepts. The technology plays a major role in ensuring employees works quickly and efficiently (Hill 2007). Benchmarking Benchmarking is to be done on certain key aspects of service that is valued by the customer. Fast-food chains have been benchmarking

Best ERP Systems Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Best ERP Systems - Research Paper Example Additionally, the ERP can also include other applications for the finance and human resources areas of an organization. Normally, a relational database system is used or integrated with an ERP system. Moreover, the implementation of an ERP system can engage substantial business process analysis, workers retraining, and new work processes (Brislen & Krishnakumar, 2000; Creative Chaos (Pvt.) Ltd., 2012). This research is aimed at selecting a most excellent ERP solution for the business corporation. In this scenario, an ERP system will be chosen from world top ten ERP solutions. World Top Ten ERP Systems Given below is a list of world 10 best ERP systems: (Shaul, 2011) SAP Oracle Microsoft Infor IFS Abas Epicor Syspro Plex Sage Selection of Best ERP System I have conducted a detailed research to determine the best ERP option. For the selection of an ERP I considered their capabilities and business facilities. In this scenario, I found SAP ERP as the world leading and most excellent solu tion for the business and corporate operational management (Daneva, 1999). In past few years, SAP R/3 technology based system has turned out to be one of the best options for many business organizations that have boarded on business procedure optimization. The majority of them have made the selection of SAP R/3 enterprise resource planning package for the reason that SAP has attained the instant profits which resulted from the full software reprocess. Since its establishment in 1972, SAP has developed as well as productively upheld the communications of procedures, people and tools for clients to reuse. In addition, SAP has always carried out the systematic and logical software reprocess strategy. However, it initially prepared the reuse practice as an integral part of the R/3 Configure-to-Order cycle and started reusing effectively and efficiently. Therefore, in 1992, due to the rising influence of venture modeling architectures, methodologies for integrated IT, and business engine ering tools, SAP R/3 requirements recycle turned out to be the major stream. In addition, to attain these elevated altitudes of reuse; SAP has designed and implemented the R/3 Reference Model, which is a wide-ranging ERP architectural justification of the FU3 System contained 4 visions: (Daneva, 1999) Business process view Function view Data view Organizational view Sap ERP Capabilities The ERP SAP system provides the facilities of centralized data storage and communication. This system provides an excellent support for data handling, planning and management. Hence, the ERP SAP implementation at an organization brings numerous benefits such as better administration and planning of organizational business. SAP services provide the organizations with trouble-free technical capabilities for dispersed systems with functionality that wraps every main feature of advanced operation, process, and permanent development (SAP1, 2012; SAP2, 2012; SAP3, 2012; SAP4, 2012; SAP5, 2012). In addition , SAP ERP technology offers a centralized data storage that is responsible for managing and organizing the management operations, ERP SAP services tools and components to augment the dependability of organizational solutions

Government Economic Policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Government Economic Policy - Essay Example Governments main objectives of using this type of policies is to stimulate the aggregate demand, reduce inflation, improve a recession, collection of revenue to provide public goods, improve on market failure caused by externalities or even steer the economy to achieve higher growth. as earlier discussed the main objectives of government policies is to improve on a recession, depression, inflation, solve on market failure caused by positive and negative externalities, collection of government revenue to provide public goods and to stimulate aggregate demand. These policies will also be used in case of a boom in the economy. The policies can be used together to improve a situation or one of them used. Inflation can be defined as the consistent rise in the general prices of goods for a fairly long period of time, the most used indicator of inflation is the consumer price index. Inflation is caused by demand push according to Keynes; he argued that inflation will exist when the aggregate demand exceeds aggregate supply. The excess demand can be from the real sector or the monetary sector. TheThe real sector consist of the model that is used to calculate the national output, Y = consumption + government spending + investment + exports - imports. if marginal propensity to consume increases then aggregate demand will increase leading to inflation, if government spending increases then this will increase aggregate demand also if the level of investment increases this will cause an increase in the aggregate demand and finally if the exports increase then aggregate demand increases and this can be seen when there is a boom caused by increased exports. The monetary sector means that in the case where the money supply in an economy increases this triggers inflation. The other type of inflation is the cost push inflation caused by an increase in the cost of production due to an increase in the price levels of Raw materials. an increase in the cost of production will lead to high unit cost of production, these high prices are passed on to the consumers, therefore their real wages decreases and trade unions come in and fight for high wages and if they are granted higher wages the cost of production further increases. In case of inflation the government will come in and interfere with the economy, in this case the government will simply use monetary policies to improve the situation, they will increase the rate of interests so that the amount of money in circulation in the economy reduces, the government will also improve this by reducing the supply of money in the economy, this can be achieved through increasing the bank reserve ratio held by a central bank. This can be diagrammatically shown as follows; When inflation increases from 0 to 1 then the real GDP falls from y0 to y1, if y0 was the potential output then the economy is operating below potential output, to improve this government will reduce the interest rates the interest rates

Substance Abuse Essay Example for Free

Substance Abuse Essay OBJECTIVE: Analyze specified social problems facing contemporary United States. The social problem taken into consideration in contemporary United States is substance abuse. The World Health Organisation (2014) defined substance abuse as the harmful or hazardous use of psychoactive substances including alcohol and other illicit .Psychoactive substance use can lead to a dependence syndrome, that is to say, a cluster of behavioural, cognitive and psychological phenomena that develop after a repeated use and that typically include a strong urge to take the substance and finding difficulties in controlling its use. Substance abuse is a social canker in contemporary US. Examples of substances that are abused are marijuana, inhalants, cocaine, heroin and alcohol. People abuse these substances due to various reasons and the society in which we live has a hand in this social canker. It is now common to see young people specially adolescents engaging and experimenting with substances such as alcohol, cocaine, morphine and tobacco in the US. Substance abuse actually affects the individuals, the society and the government of the US. Substances abuse has adversarially affected the economy of the US due to the fact that resources which could have been used to further develop the US have been channelled to controlling substance abuse and its associated problems. Many violent crimes have been linked to the mind- altering effects of substances abused. Substance abusers often commit theft to support their drug habits. In contemporary US, more than half of the economic cost of alcohol and drugs is due to crime. Most substance abusers are involved in criminal activities such as gang –rape, assault, armed robbery and these criminal activities really affect US negatively. Another extent at which substance abuse affects the United States is the incident of diseases. Most of the abused substances have harmful health effects which downsizes the United States. Diseases attributable to substance abuse which affects the US negatively are high blood pressure, stroke, heart damage, and tetanus, HIV/AIDS, diarrhoea and cirrhosis as well as several degrees of cancers. The diseases outlined costs the US billions of dollars in treating them and the monies used in treating these diseases could have been used in other developmental sectors. From my own sociological perspective, a sociological theory is a set of ideas that provides a detailed explanation of any occurrence or happenings  in the society. Based on my perspective of sociological theory, I would say as a fact that peer pressure is one of the main causes of substance abuse in contemporary US.US is a nation where the societal power of peers really exists. In a society, everyone wants to be seen as a member of a group or class and even better still associated with a group. When this happens, those left in a group of substance abusers are left with no option than to use and abuse substances such as cocaine, alcohol and marijuana due to the fear of being left out in that particular group or class. Pressure from peers is a major causing factor of substance abuse because a peer group is a strong agent of socialization in the society; peer groups are able to influence other individuals in the group to abuse substances because it makes them smart in class, it boosts confidence in them and other persuasive reasons which has the tendency to influence the individual to also abuse such substances. REFERENCE 1. World Health Organization. (2014). Substance abuse. Retrieved 11-11-14 from http://www.who.int/topics/substance abuse/en/

Analysis Of The Significance Of Mikhail Gorbachev Politics Essay

Analysis Of The Significance Of Mikhail Gorbachev Politics Essay Mikhail Gorbachev, The Patron of Change. The Cold War was a period in history from roughly 1945 to 1988 when the worlds two largest superpowers, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republic (Soviet Union) and the United States, were in continuous economic and political conflict. These polar entities struggled for dominance and control in the new atomic age. With no end in sight to this potentially catastrophic confrontation, it became essential for the leaders of both sides to reconcile their differences. For the Soviet Union, peace was increasingly important mainly because of the poor state of their economy. The leader responsible for bringing about the fall of the iron curtain and for helping to bring an end to communism in the Soviet Union was Mikhail Gorbachev. Gorbachevs contributions to world peace have been widely recognized and his actions continue to serve as examples for world leaders today. Mikhail Gorbachev, the leader of the Soviet Union from 1985 to 1991, made several significant contributions to the world. He represented a new generation of Soviet leaders, different form his predecessors who used fear and intimidation to maintain a communist idealist Russian society. Gorbachev was different because he recognized the flaws in the Soviet system of government and was willing to take steps to improve it. The opposing ideals between communism and capitalism created a split between the East and the West on the proper form of government which was to be established in the occupied territories in Europe following World War II. However, the balance of power and arms race between the two superpowers took a huge toll on the Soviet Union. Gorbachevs policies helped bring an end to the Cold War, led to the destruction of the wall separating East and West Berlin, encouraged the rise of democracy in Europe, and ultimately led to a complete dismantling of the Soviet Union.  [1]   Gorbachev was born into a peasant family in the village of Privolnoe, on March 2, 1931. As a teenager, he worked driving farm machinery at a local machine-tractor station. During his college years, Gorbachev was very interested in politics. He joined the national communist party of the Soviet Union and quickly moved up in the ranks. By 1962, he was the regional leader of Komsomol (Young Communist League). Gorbachev was a successful politician from early on in his career. He became exposed to influence and workings of the influence of the KGB, the Soviet Secret police, experience that served him well in his future political career. Gorbachev met his wife, Raisa Titorenko, while attending school at Moscow State University.  [2]   As Prime Minister, Gorbachev tried to establish better relations with the United States. In November, 1985, he met with President Reagan in Geneva to talk about national and international issues. Gorbachev once said America must be the teacher of democracy, not the advertiser of the consumer society. It is unrealistic for the rest of the world to reach the American living standard. The clearest signs of improvement between the United States and Soviet Union relations came in 1988 when Gorbachev made a positive impression with a crowd of spectators in New York City where he shook hands with people.  [3]   In the 1980s, the Soviet Union was struggling to survive because of the problems associated with a planned economy, and because a disproportionate amount the budget was being spent on the military towards an arms race with the United States. Gorbachev believed that the Soviet Union could not afford to spend so much on arms so he reduced the amount of money for war. This policy led to nuclear missile reduction treaties with the United States and effectively brought an end to the Cold War which had dominated international relations with the United States since 1945. When Mikhail Gorbachev took office in 1985, he faced one terrible problem. The Soviet economy had been in a period of turmoil, and it was in desperate need of reform for two decades. Gorbachev once said The market came with the dawn of civilization and it is not an invention of capitalism. If it leads to improving the well-being of the people there is no contradiction with socialism. Gorbachev decided to change the old system with a period of perestroika, or restructuring in the hope of making it more efficient.  [4]   From 1985 to 1986, Gorbachew continued an anti-alcohol program started by his predecessor, Andropov. His policies increased the price of vodka and changed the legal drinking age from 18 to 21, which had the effect of decreasing alcohol sales. It was his goal to discourage workers from drinking, and thus to improve the productivity of workers and increase industrial output. However, this campaign did not work out well in Russia.  [5]   Gorbachev promoted great political changes. One of the most important measures came in 1989 when he set up elections where members of the Communist Party had to run against non-Communist Party members. Later that same year, he called to terminate special status of the Communist Party guaranteed by the Soviet Constitution. Gorbachev also ended the Soviet military occupation of Afghanistan. During this period, he began more drastic changes. One of these changes was the Law of State Enterprises, enacted in June 1987. This legislation gave businesses more independence from the government. Despite the increased independence, the state still exercised some control over their activities. This was quite a radical change and was seen as a move away from the old system of a centrally planned command economy, and many people did not agree with it. Workers were also encouraged to be more open, which was part of Glasnost, and speak out against corruption or give suggestions. They were also encouraged to form small privately owned cooperatives such as grocery shops and hairdressing salons.  [6]   In 1989, Gorbachev was nominated as Time Magazines Man of The Year. Gorbachev called what he was doing permitting a revolution. Gorbachev became the patron of change. Gorbachev, and his reformist allies in Eastern Europe, managed to suppress at least one monster which was the states capacity for cruelty and violence against its own citizens. The Chinese students carried portraits of the Soviet leader, and they were shouting, In Russia they have Gorbachev; in China we have whom? Gorbachev became a hero for what he would not do.  [7]   There were several important events that occurred while Gorbachev ruled the Soviet Union. One hundred thousand Soviet troops withdrew from Afghanistan. The Soviet military intervention was costly for the Soviet Union, and to the Afghan people. Over 1.5 million Afghans were killed.  [8]   Another important event was the Chernobyl disaster. According to Michael Gorbachev (Tuesday,April16,2006,The Daily Star) the nuclear meltdown at Chernobyl 20 years ago, even more than my launch of Perestroika, was perhaps the real cause of the Soviet Union five years later. The Chernobyl disaster occurred on April 26, 1986 at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant. Chernobyl is ranked one of the greatest industrial accidents of all time. Some have said that Gorbachev was too silent about the disaster and was not forthcoming.  [9]   Also, Perestroika was Gorbachevs important reform. This consisted of economic reforms and policy changes. The Law of Cooperatives passed in 1988 allowed ownership of businesses by individuals. Gorbachev has been a powerful and symbolic presence in the worlds imagination since he first came to power in 1985. Gorbachev, and his program of Perestroika, was not popular in Russia. At the time, soap, sugar, tea, school notebooks, cigarettes, sausage and other meats, butter, fruits and vegetables, and matches were scarce.  [10]   By the 1980s, it was obvious that communism in the Soviet Union was not really working out. Mikhail Gorbachev became the leader of the Soviet Union in 1985 and he introduced many reforms in an attempt to modernize the economy and make the Communist Party more democratic. These reforms ultimately led to the breakup of the Soviet Union and an end to the one-party Communist rule. In December 25, 1991, Gorbachev resigned as President at the point when the Soviet Union disintegrated.  [11]   Work Cited Page Internet Sources: Mikhail Gorbachev Biography -. WriteSpirit -. Web. 28 May 2010. . Mikhail Gorbachev Biography Life, Family, Death, Wife, Young, Old, Information, Born, House, Time, Year. Encyclopedia of World Biography. Web. 28 May 2010. Gorbachev Foundation Biography. Russian. Web. 28 May 2010. . Non Internet Sources: Kort, Michael. Mikhail Gorbachev. New York: Watts, Morrow, By Lance. TIME Person of the Year: Story Archive Since 1927, Mikhail Gorbachev. Breaking News, Analysis, Politics, Blogs, News Photos, Video, Tech Reviews TIME.com. 13 Dec. 2002. Web. 27 May 201

Social Perspectives on Witch Hunting

Social Perspectives on Witch Hunting The Case that the witch-hunt was a woman-hunt is a strong one (Larner) discuss? The witch-hunts across Europe saw the mass slaughter of nine million women who were thought to be witches. These women were killed over a period of three hundred years, with the most concentrated killings in places such as Germany, Spain and Italy.[1] The story of witchcraft is primarily the story of women and this has caused much fascination and a certain elusiveness when approaching the subject.[2] The organised persecution of the witches began officially on December 9th 1484 when Pope Innocent VIII asked Heinrich Kramer and James Sprenger to define witchcraft, isolate the modus operandi of the witches and to standardise the trial procedures and sentencing.[3] It was as a result that Kramer and Sprenger produced a text called â€Å"Malleus Maleficarum† which would become a hugely influential text in the events of witch persecution and in these gender-specific views of witchcraft. Due to the gender-specificity that surrounds the subject of witchcraft we are confronted with id eas about women, fears about women and the place of women in society during these times. Scholars such as Carol Kerslen, Lyndal Roper and Christina Larner gradually moved gender, and to some extent sexuality, to the centre of the analysis of witchcraft, which influenced interests in artists such as Baldung, for whom gender and sexuality were critical themes.[4]Many feminists jump to conclusions of gender-specific genocide due to what they believe was a woman-hating crime. However, it is important also to focus on the socio-economic context in which these trials took place in order to make a fair judgement on the gender-specificity that is so often associated with witchcraft. The Malleus Maleficarum is often the focus of many studies into witchcraft due to its important influence during the period. This demonological treatise was written by Kramer and Sprenger, it is often used as evidence by radical feminists of the misogyny among elites, who are seen as the driving force behind the top-down persecutions of witches.[5] The title of the work itself is female-specific, with the term maleficarum translating as women evil-doers. This feminine possessive in the Latin title shows it’s focus on the female gender, if the book were to have focused on both males and females then ‘maleficarum’ would have been replaced by ‘maleficorum’.[6] Throughout the text it is women who are specifically referred to, in the book men are most often described as accomplices rather than witches themselves. When asked why there is more harmful magic found in the female sex than in the male sex Kramer answered â€Å"because of the fleshly lust, which in [women] is never satisfied.†[7] It is clear that there was a gender-bias or a gender-specificity around the notions of witchcraft, and this dominated its surrounding ideology and the main literature upon the subject. The Malleus Maleficarum was of great influence during the period, it was high Catholic theology and working catholic jurisprudence.[8] The work had been issued for creation by the Pope himself and so held great importance. In the dark ages few people could read and books were hard to come by, the printing press has only been developed 34 years previously in 1850 Germany. This meant that literacy rates and the availability of prints for those in the lower sectors of society were not still readily available or improved at this point. However, the Malleus was printed in numerous editions and had been read by almost every judge in Europe, it appeared that the Malleus Maleficarum had more currency then the bible.[9] What made this piece of literature regarding the definitions of witchcraft so influential is the power and authority it held due to its lawful reinforcement. Anyone who challenged the Malleus Maleficarum, anyone who refuted its authority or questioned its credibility on any level was guilty of heresy, a capital crime.[10] The Malleus Maleficarum was probably the most influential piece written on witchcraft, it was the most widely spread, the most lawfully and religiously backed, but it was also extremely gender-specific towards women. This literary work helped to instil a stereotype of the witch, the stereotype being woman. The definition of woman, in common with the pornographic definition, is her carnality; the essence of her character, in common with the fairy-tale definition, is her malice and avarice.[11]In fact the stereotype of a witch in Christian Europe has always been that of a woman. For example, in twelfth-century Russia the authorities in one district became so anxious about the prevalence of witchcraft that they began to round up the entire female population.[12] Ideas of female evil-doers as suggested in the title of the Malleus Maleficarum stemmed back to the religious creation of the world. A women was believed to be more carnal than a man, this carnality originated from eve’s very own creation, she was formed from a bent rib, and also caused the fall of Eden.[13] As a result, women have suffered, forever being painted with the same religious brush of being a source of evil and carnality. A witch was seen as an independent adult women who does not conform to the male idea of proper female behaviour.[14] However, it was not just female sexuality that made them evil, but also female knowledge, many feminists claim that anything that made a women something other than helpless was perceived as threatening and labelled evil.[15] Perhaps a strong case for witch-hunting being parallel to women-hunting, is the idea that women were labelled witches, and could not prove themselves innocent by any means. This meant that women were doomed to persecution because of their gender and its gender-specific associated stereotypes. Women finds herself entirely defined by her sexuality. It was believed that sexuality makes women evil, therefore virginity/chastity is glorified in women as it is the opposite of sexuality.[16] However, it is ironic that while all witchcraft comes from carnal lust which is in women insatiable – this carnal lust, this desire for sex, is what populates the world. If all women are evil-doers, if Eve is the basis for all women stereotypes then why is it that women are the exclusive holders of bearing life? Other indicators that are described in the Malleus Maleficarum also guide us to the interpretation that women were inevitably doomed to persecution. A women’s virtue is seen to be silence, and yet in a witchcraft trial, if the women remains silence she is condemned for withholding her confession, yet it she confesses then she is condemning herself.[17] There is a similar paradox in the women’s ability to bear pain, if she breaks down through pain of torture and confesses she is condemned, however if she remains strong and recovers she is condemn also. Still further, if a women weeps under torture it is interpreted as a sign of her sins and so condemns her, yet if her eyes do not weep she is condemned for witchcraft.[18] This suggests that once put to trial for partaking in witchcraft the women is entirely at the mercy of the educated men who judge, torture and condemn her, almost without escape. Feminists take this inescapability as evidence of patriarchy exerting its control over women in order to curb the perceived threat to men’s dominance that is caused through women’s allegedly rapacious sexuality.[19] It is believed that as soon as a women transitions from ‘virgin’ to ‘sexual’, there is a potential for power over a man[20], and so she becomes a symbol of demonology, of relations with the devil. Radical feminists also suggest that society believed that all women threaten male hegemony with their exclusive power to give life; and so social order depends on women conforming to male ideals of female behaviour.[21] Threats to social order, threats of women’s sexuality are usually blamed for the persecutions of women during the witch-hunts in Europe. Most of the ideas put forward as to why women posed a threat to man, and why the witch-hunts could be seen as gender-specific are put forward by feminists. First wave feminists ( su ch as the American Suffragist Matilda Joslyn Gage) asserted that nine million people were executed as witches, with old women, wise women and the priestesses of anti-Christian cults being particular targets.[22] However, second wave feminists further in their ideas of the witch-hunts, painting them as a ‘gendercide’, a female targeted death hunt. They believed that witch-hunting was an egregious example, not just of patriarchal oppression, but also of genocide and it was in fact the deliberate killing of women.[23] This deliberate killing of women is made acceptable and almost encouraged by the Malleus Maleficarum due to its emphasis on the female gender and their witchcraft qualities. However, it is important to understand that women were not just persecuted, they also acted as the accusers. Women often accused other women of witchcraft and were often the ‘chief witnesses in the courts’.[24] This suggests that while witch-hunts were related to the female g ender, they were not gender-exclusive. Women could accuse other women, and men could be persecuted. Yet, feminists disregard this evidence that goes against that misogyny of witch-hunting. Instead they believe that this line of reasoning is based on a failure to recognise that a patriarchal structure divides women, and that their livelihood is dependent on the goodwill of men.[25] Therefore, women would accuse other women, not to satisfy themselves, but to protect the livelihood of conformist women against non-conformist women, they would also do so under the pressures of their husbands and fathers. This huge split in the ideology of witch-hunting and its gender relations is caused by the lack of concrete evidence to support either side. Facts and figures from the period, from all over Europe, are at best good estimates of the real numbers of those persecuted. Figures range from thousands to millions when talking about the amount that died from persecutions, and the gender ratios are no more accurate. However, in spite of this, the evidence provided is used in the debate of gender-specificity surrounding the witch-hunts and therefore must be looked at and discussed. Figures suggest that in areas at the centre of the witch-hunt, places such as Germany, France, Switzerland and Scotland, 80% of those persecuted were females, with figures reached an estimate of 95-100% in the areas on the periphery such as England and Russia.[26] The ratio of women to men burned is variously estimated at 20 to 1 for women and 100 to 1 for men.[27] Those men who were persecuted were often the family of convicted women witches, or were in positions of civil power with political ambitions that conflicted with those of the church or monarch.[28] In fact, witchcraft which is seen as the ultimate human evil was sex-specific in just the same proportion as sanctity which is seen as the ultimate human good was sex-specific to males during the ‘sanctity epidemic’ of the later Middle Ages.[29] Most works conclude that witches were scapegoats for hostilities and tensions that had little to do with sex or gender.[30] Radical feminist writings have had a significant influence on the perceptions of witchcraft outside academia, its emphasis on witches being gender-specific to women had become a strong stereotype when one thinks of the witch-hunts. However, academic historians are dismissive of such interpretations, criticising radical feminists for their assumptions that witch-hunting was ‘woman-hunting’, their over reliance on the Malleus, their unwillingness to engage with manuscript records or witch trials and their ahistorical use of the terms misogyny and patriarchy which downplays the historical specificity of early modern culture and society.[31] Christina Larner herself is reluctant to suggest that witch-hunting was gender-specific because of this academic dismissiveness. Instead she concludes that the witch-hunts were ‘sex-related not sex-specificâ⠂¬â„¢[32] , however she strongly backs the argument that witch-hunting was still in fact women-hunting because of this relation. This leaves the distinction between sex-related and sex-specific unclear, if both inevitably lead to the assumption that the hunt was still a hunt on women. This dismissiveness between historian and feminist is causing a problem when it comes to the clarity of sex relations between women and witchcraft. The antipathy many academic historians feel towards feminism in general and radical feminism in particular can be counterproductive as it discourages them from engaging with any helpful insights feminism has to offer into the gendering of witchcraft prosecutions, particularly in relation to the analysis of patriarchy.[33] Those few historians who have seriously addressed the question of women and witchcraft only briefly discuss misogyny of the period, but focus more on the social and economic reasons for the high percentage of women that were persecuted. Ho wever, most radical feminist interpretation of witch-hunting emerged in the context of feminist’s political activism outside academia, and were thus polemically and historically inaccurate.[34] There is a huge correlation between women and witchcraft persecutions, and this is to do with the age-old stereotypes of women evildoers that stem from eve. Women were more likely to be persecuted because they were more likely to believe to be witches, had men been acting in the same way it is very much doubtful that they would have been accused to be a witch to the same majority in comparison. Therefore the witch-hunts were women-hunts in the sense that women were targeted substantially more than men, whether they were accused other women or not, they were still the distinct majority of the witch-hunts. [1] Andrea Dworkin, Our Blood : Prophecies and Discourses on Sexual Politics, ( New York : G.P Putnam Sons, 1967). [2] Carol F. Karlsen, The Devil in the Shape of a Woman, (New York : W. W. Norton Company, 1987). [3] Andrea Dworkin, Our Blood. [4] Brian P. Levack, The Oxford Handbook of Witchcraft in Early Modern Europe and Colonial America, (Oxford : Oxford University Press, 2013). [5] Ibid. [6] Sister Trinity, ‘Gynocide : The Holocaust of Women’, http://passtheflamingsword.wordpress.com/2013/01/31/gynocide-the-holocaust-of-women/ [7] Brian P. Levack, The Oxford Handbook of Witchcraft. [8] Andrea Dworkin, Our Blood. [9] Andrea Dworkin, Woman Hating, (New York : Penguin Group, 1974). [10] Andrea Dworkin, Our Blood. [11] Andrea Dworkin, Woman Hating. [12] Darren Oldridge, The Witchcraft Reader, (London : Routledge, 2002). [13] Andrea Dworkin, Our Blood. [14] Darren Oldridge, The Witchcraft Reader. [15] Sister Trinity, ‘Gynocide : The Holocaust of Women’. [16] Ibid. [17] Sister Prudence Allen, The concept of Woman : The early humanist reformation 1250-1500, (Cambridge: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co, 2002), [18] Ibid. [19] Brian P. Levack, The Oxford Handbook of Witchcraft. [20] Sister Trinity, ‘Gynocide : The Holocaust of Women. [21] Darren Oldridge, The Witchcraft Reader. [22] Brian P. Levack, The Oxford Handbook of Witchcraft. [23] Ibid. [24] Darren Oldridge, The Witchcraft Reader. [25] Ibid. [26] Darren Oldridge, The Witchcraft Reader. [27] Andrea Dworkin, Our Blood. [28] Andrea Dworkin, Woman Hating. [29] Darren Oldridge, The Witchcraft Reader. [30] Carol F. Karlsen, The Devil in the Shape of a Woman. [31] Brian P. Levack, The Oxford Handbook of Witchcraft. [32] Darren Oldridge, The Witchcraft Reader. [33] Brian P. Levack, The Oxford Handbook of Witchcraft. [34] Brian P. Levack, The Oxford Handbook of Witchcraft.

Define Normal Book Talk :: essays research papers

What if you had to peer council a person that you couldn't even stand! Would you be mad? Or what would you do if it happened to you? One of the main characters is a girl named Jasmine but they call her Jazz for short. Jazz is basically a goth girl and she has black hair with a little pink on top. She goes to high school and is around the age of 15. Jazz is in a pretty bad mood usually but it just depends on what she is doing. The other main character's name is Antonia. Antonia is a very smart girl and helps other people out with their problems. She is like a councilor. She has about shoulder length dirty blond hair and is pretty average in height for her age. She is usually in a good mood but sometimes she can get mad or sad. The last main character is Antonia's mom. She has pretty good attitudes depending on what she feels like. She is in her mid-30's. Antonia's mom smokes and she has been really sick lately. Her mom is that antagonist in this story because she can't even get out of bed unless she feels good. Since her mom has been sick, Antonia has to take care of everything around the house, including her brother. So one day Antonia was at a freind's house and her mom and brother decide to go on a picnic and when they were done she took her son to a motel, and then left to go to a bar down the road. When she was done at the bar, she went back to the motel and passed out on the floor. So when Antonia got home, nobody was there. About a half an hour later, her brother called and said that their mom had passed out and that they were at a motel. Her brother didn't know the name of the motel so he looked around and remembered the bar. He told his sister the name of the bar that their mom had gone to and then she knew right where they were.

Essay --

Week 2: Discussion 1 – Bring Systems into Being Colorado Technical University CS672: Systems Engineering Methods Pooja Kattimani Instructor: Professor John King January 13, 2014 Bring Systems into Being What are some characteristics of human-made or engineered systems that distinguish it from natural system? The characteristics of human made systems which will distinguish from natural system are as follows: †¢ Human made systems are those systems which are brought into being by human intervention through components, attributes or relationships between them, whereas the natural systems are brought into being by a natural process. Example: example for human made systems is solution to flooding problem of Nile river, example for natural system are water cycle, food chain etc. †¢ Human made systems have some impact on natural world. Example: When Aswan Dam was built on Nile River, it had impact on the natural world. Problems such as rapid erosion of Nile delta, fishing industry was reduced in eastern Mediterranean etc. whereas Natural systems exhibit equilibrium and high degree of order Example water cycle. In natural system material flows are cyclic in nature. †¢ Human made systems are created by beginning with identifying the needs of customer and ending with phase out and disposal, whereas the natural systems have no dead ends and no wastes. 2. Pick a product, describe the enabling system that is required to bring it into being, and explain the importance of engineering the system and product together. Consider an automotive product to be developed in automotive industry. For most organizations lack of visibility of data, technology and people in the product development life cycle cause challenges to organizations. Use of... ...sons: †¢ Customer communication step in spiral model helps to know the needs of customer and gather complete requirements necessary to develop the system. †¢ In Spiral model there is avoidance of risk is enhanced because there is high amount of risk analysis. †¢ Software can be developed in the early stages of software development life cycle. †¢ It is good for larger projects because it is iterative process, when it proceeds through several stages of lifecycle, each time a different prototype is developed. Hence prototype can be evaluated for risk before proceeding to next step. †¢ Additional functionality can be added in later stages of development cycle if required. References Blanchard B. S. & Fabrycky W. J. (2011), Systems Engineering and Analysis, New Jersey: Prentice Hall. Blanchard B. S. (2008), Systems Engineering Management, New Jersey: John Wiley and Sons Inc.

Basilica San Zeno Maggiore: Vernona, Italy Essay -- Italy Monuments Ge

Basilica San Zeno Maggiore: Vernona, Italy ?On the west side of Verona Italy stands one of the city?s two beautiful basilicas, the Basilica San Zeno Maggiore.? The older of the two basilicas, San Zeno dates back to the year 1030.? Notable for her Romanesque style, San Zeno is equally fascinating to the modern viewer as she is historically significant.? There are two regional forms of Italian basilicas of the Medieval period: Tuscan and southern.? San Zeon is considered to be the most Romanesque basilica in Northern Italy. ? Origin and Contributors ?The basilica was first constructed in honor of the city of Verona?s patron saint, San Zeno.? Paleo-Christian in origin, the church is commonly stated to have been constructed from 1120 to 1138.? However, some of the oldest parts of the building are assumed to have been worked on as early as the 4th century.? Several reconstructions were done from the 4th to the 14th centuries (at least three that are known of) because of damage by natural disasters.? The building underwent reconstruction after the earthquake of 1137 and was finished in 1386 with the addition of the nave ceiling.? It is unclear who the original architect was, but it is known that Andrea Mantegna was the constructor responsible for the altarpiece, on account of writing on it that would signify his work.? However, many historians suggest that Mantegna played a larger role in the development of the building than just the altarpiece.? The Bronze door panels on the West entrance are said to reflect the work of three separ ate craftsmen from the 11th and 12th centuries. ?Several structures of the church are worth mentioning and make San Zeno unique for her time period.? The main plan of the church was modeled aft... ...zes with beauty the Italian fervor for highly developed, highly detailed art and craftsmanship.? ?Today, the church of San Zeno attracts tourists from all areas.? However, it seems that this particular basilica is greatly overlooked by the broad interest in Roman architecture and culture.? Though Rome certainly contains the richest heritage of the Catholic faith, San Zeno Maggiore should be considered an important site for both Romanesque architecture and religious history.? [1] Smith, G. E. Kiddler.? Looking at Architecture, p. 48. [2] Porter, Darwin & Prince, Danforth (2000).? Frommer?s 2000 Italy.? MacMillan: USA. [3] Italy: Eyewitness Travel Guides.? DK Publishing. [4] Leyerle, John (1997).? The Rose-Wheel Design and Dante?s Paradiso.? UTQ, 156 [5]Kain, Evelyn (1981).? The Marble Reliefs on the Faà »ze of S. Zeno, Verona.? The Art Bulletin,63.

Using Material from Item a and Elsewhere, Assess Sociological Views of Crime Reduction Strategies.

Using material from item A and elsewhere, assess sociological views of crime reduction strategies. (21 marks). There are numerous different types of strategies for crime reduction. These include crime prevention tactics which are suitable for whole societies, and also forms of punishment which are suitable for individuals. Crime prevention strategies include situational crime prevention, environmental crime prevention, and social and community crime prevention. Ron Clark describes situational crime prevention as ‘a pre-emptive approach that relies, not on improving society or its institutions, but simple on reducing opportunities for crime’.He identifies three features of measures aimed at situational crime prevention, firstly that they are directed at specific crimes, that they involve managing or altering the immediate environment of the crime and lastly that they aim at increasing the effort and risks of committing crime and reducing the rewards. For example, ‘t arget hardening’ measures such as increased surveillance in shops via CCTV or security guards increases the effort a shoplifter needs to make. Underlying situation crime prevention approaches is an rational choice theory.This is the view that criminals act rationally, weighing up the costs and benefits of a crime opportunity before deciding whether to commit it. This contrasts with theories that stress ‘root causes’ such as capitalist exploitation. Clarke argues that most theories offer no realistic solutions to crime. The most obvious things to do, he argues, is to focus on the immediate crime situation, since this is where possibility for prevention is greatest. Most crime is opportunistic, so we need to reduce the opportunities.One criticism of situation crime prevention measures is that they do not reduce crime, they simply displace it. For example, Chaiken et al found that a crackdown on subway robberies in New York merely displaced them to the streets above . Although displacement can be in several forms, spatial, temporal, target, tactical and functional. However other than the criticism of displacement, situation crime prevention methods are also criticised as it tends to focus on opportunistic petty street crimes. It ignores white collar, corporate and state crime, which are costly and harmful.Environmental crime prevention is based on the phase of ‘broken windows’, Wilson and Kelling use this point to stand for all the various signs of disorder and lack of concern for others that are found in some neighbourhoods. They argue that leaving broken windows unrepaired sends out a signal that no one cares. In these neighbourhoods, there is an absence of both formal social control and informal control. The police are only concerned with serious crime and turn a blind eye to petty nuisance behaviour, while respectable members of the community feel intimidated and powerless. Without curative action, the problem deteriorates.As i tem A shows this causes families and respectable people to move out and the area becomes a magnet for deviants. Wilson and Kelling’s key idea is that disorder and the absence of controls leads to crime. Their solution is to crack down on any disorder using a twofold strategy. First an environmental improvement strategy that any broken window must be repaired immediately, otherwise more will follow and the neighbourhood will be on the slide. Secondly the police must adopt a zero tolerance policing strategy. Instead of merely reacting to crime, the must proactively tackle even the slightest sign of disorder, even if it is not criminal.This would halt neighbourhood decline and prevent serious crime taking root. Great success has been claimed for zero tolerance policing, especially in New York. Programs that were set up to tackle subway graffiti, fare dodging, drug dealing and begging proved successful, from this in New York there was a significant fall in crime. However, it is n ot clear how far zero tolerance was the cause of the improvements, as the NYPD previously benefited from 7000 extra officers as well as there was also a general decline in the crime rate in major US cities at the time, including ones where police did not adopt a zero tolerance policy.Nonetheless, zero tolerance has been very influential globally, including the UK, where it has influenced New Labour’s anti-social behaviour policies. In contrast to Wilson and Kelling’s approach, social and community prevention strategies place the emphasis firmly on the potential offender and their social context. The aim of these strategies is to remove the conditions that predispose individuals to crime in the first place. These are longer-term strategies, since they attempt to tackle the root causes of offending, rather than simply removing opportunities for crime.Because the causes of crime are often rotted in social conditions such as poverty, more general social reform programmes a ddressing these issues may have a crime prevention role, even if this is not their main focus. All three approaches discussed above take for granted the nature and definition of crime. They generally focus on fairly low-level and/or interpersonal crimes of violence. This disregards the crimes of the powerful and environmental crimes. The definition of the ‘crime problem’ reflects the priorities of politicians and agencies tasked with crime prevention.

Make Prejudice and Discrimination a Subject in School Essay

Because of the immigration in the world and the great assimilation that are in progress prejudices and discrimination are more important than never before. People need to learn from young ages that it doesn’t matter where you come from or what color your skin is, the only thing that matters is your personality and how you respond to other people. Yesterday, in Stockholm, I was talking to my cousin and she told me that I never should live in Tensta because, according to her, it’s a very dangerous place because it only lives criminals there. Personally I’m sure that the majority of the people in Tensta are normal, nice people that never have done anything criminal – it’s only her prejudices that say something different. I see every day how common prejudices are, my friends have prejudices, my family has prejudices and I, that see myself as a very prejudices free person, find sometimes that even I have some prejudices. Discrimination is unfortunately also common in our society. A while ago I read a study that professors at the Linnà © university in Kalmar had written and it showed that the majority of the companies in Sweden discriminated people with Arabic names. If there were two persons with exactly the same qualities and experience in the study, and one of them was named Martin Johansson and the other Abd al Hakim only the first would be called to an interview while the second would be sorted away immediately. But I think that it is easy to forget and that we have to remember that discrimination can work in every way – white against black, black against white, men against women, women against men, and so on. Therefore I believe that we have to work for a society that is equal on every scale. I think that a way to solve the problem with prejudices and discrimination is to make it a main subject in school. In that way every kid in Sweden would get information about and be able to discus prejudices and discrimination every week from the age of 6 to 16. I believe that information and knowledge are the key to everything, and in this case the key to an equal society without prejudices and discrimination.

Nature of Philosophy Essay

Philosophy * Comes from the 2 Greek words  « philos -love  » and  « sophia -wisdom  » * tasks that requires a deliberate effort to seek the truth. * The act of questioning or wanting to know initiates philosophy, and most of the time we relate philosophy to thinking. * Knowledge of all things, through this ultimate causes, aquired through the use of reasoning * Is the intense and critical examination of beliefs and assumptions Philosopher * Lover of knowledge * A person who seeks knowledge for its own sake and not for any other motive. * Philosophers examine questions dealing with life’s most important aspects. * Raphael (1994) describes philosophy as essentially divided into two branches: the Philosophy of knowledge and the Philosophy of practice. * The Philosophy of knowledge is attentive to critical examination of assumptions about matters of fact and argument. Included in this branch are: epistemology (study of knowledge), metaphysics (the study of ultimate reality), the philosophy of science, philosophy of mind and philosophical logic. * Philosophy of practice, on the other hand, focuses on critical examination of assumptions about norms or values and includes ethics, social and political philosophy, and the philosophy of the law. It is the Philosophy of practice, particularly moral philosophy, that provides a groundwork for discussion of many of the troubling issues facing nurses. Objectives of Philosophy * To seek the deepest explanations of existence and the nature of being. It specifically uses reasoning to show its natural scope in deriving explanations Spiritual / religious influences * Historically, many of the dominant religious institutions made judgements about the origin and essence of healing and described those who would hold positions as legitimate healers. * Nevertheless, nursing in  some form has existed in every culture, and has been influenced by spiritual beliefs, religious practices, and related cultural values. Gender influences * In every culture, women have been healers * As a result of the perception that women are more humane and more caring by nature, they have been viewed as naturally endowed with nursing talents. *  «Every woman†¦ has, at one time or another of her life, charge of the personal health of somebody, whether child or invalid- every woman is a nurse.  » ~Nightingale ANCIENT / PRESOCRATIC (7th century B. C) * Greek thinkers, called themselves  « wise men  » but of humility. * PYTHAGORAS- * One of the Greek thinkers, wanted to call himself a person who just love wisdom or a philosopher. * From then on, the Greek used the word philosophy for love of wisdom and philosopher as a lover of knowledge. * In the ancient times the position of healer was practiced by those thought to have special spiritual gifts. * When the reigning deity had a feminine, bisexual or androgynous nature, women were leaders in the healing arts. * As the world became a harsher place, and the Gods assumed a masculine nature, women’s role as independent, primary healer was taken away The Early Christian Era. * Early Christian nurses were frequently women of high social status and often became independent practitioners. * When religious belief moved toward a single male God, women’s healing role changed from that of sacred healer to subservient caregiver. MIDIEVAL / MIDDLE AGES * Christian scholars and Arab philosophers were the first to create a direct link of Philosophy to Theology, one of its main inspirations in the Christian faith which became a stimulus to reason. * During this time, monastcism and other religious groups offered the only opportunities for women to pursue careers in nursing. * Much of hospital nursing was carried out by repentant women and widows called sisters and by male nurses called brothers. * Deaconesses, matrons, and secular nursing orders were among the organized groups that had religious foundations and offered nusing services. * Much of hospital nursing was carried out by repentant women and widows called sisters and by male nurses called brothers. * Deaconesses, matrons, and secular nursing orders were among the organized groups that had religious foundations and offered nusing services. * Women who entered nursing orders donated their property and wealth to the Church and donated thier lives to service-believing that  « charity  » was synonymous with  « love  » * The term empirical relates to knowledge gained through the process of observation and experience. * Consequently, people were more likely to seek healing through religious intervention since the position of the Church was that only God and the devil had the power to either cause illness or promote healing * The crusades, which begin in 1096 and lasted nearly 200 years, brought many changes in health and population. * In response to the compelling need, military nursing orders were formed. These orders draw large numbers of men into the field of nursing. * During the Middle Ages, the status of women also declined. In many ways this was directly related to church doctrine. * St. Thomas Aquinas, known as the  « Angelic Doctor  » wrote that one should  « only make use of a necessary object, woman, who is needed to persevere the species or to provide food or drink†¦woman was created to be man’s helper, but her unique role is in conception†¦ since for all other purposes men would be better assisted by other men.  » * St. Jerome remarked that  « women is the gate of devil, the path of wickedness, the sting of the serpent, in the world a perilous object » * It was a popular religious view that women were essentially evil by nature. The pain of childbirth was believed to be punishment for Eve’s transgression, and served the purpose of reminding women of their original sinful nature. * Although the medical profession was officially sanctioned by the church, and male physicians were beginning to be trained in the university setting, there was scant scientific knowledge. They used bloodletting, astrology, alchemy, and incantations * Peasant women were  often the only healers for people who had no doctors and suffered bitterly from poverty and disease * These folk healers had extensive knowledge about cures that had been handled down for generations via oral tradition. * These women developed an extensive understanding of bones and muscles, herbs, drugs, and midwifery * This atmosphere set the stage for Church-sanctioned crimes against women in the form of the witch hunts. * Any women who treated an illness, even if she aplied a soothing salve to the diseased skin of her child, was likely to be acused of witchcraft. * If the treatment failes, she was sough to have cursed the patient. If the treatment succeeded, she was believed to be in consort with the devil * Although women were permitted to practice midwifery, these women were in danger of being accused of witchcraft if anything went wrong with either mother or baby MODERN (16th- 18 century A. D * During this period, Rene Descartes was known as the Father of Modern Philosophy, to his philosophy of rationalism and empiricism * RATIONALISM- – is a philosophical doctrine that specifically uses resoning and proof in explaining reality EMPIRICISM: – regards experience as the only source of knowledge,for it was during this time that the abundance of knowledge in science became a challenge for all philosophers to prove their discoveries and breakthrough to the aid of the aforementioned doctrines Renaissance and the Reformation * The sixteenth century heralded the beginning of two great movements: the renaissance and the reformation. * The renaissance produced an intellectual rebirth that began the scientific era * The reformation was a religious movement precipitated by the widespread abuses that had become a part of Church life and doctrinal disagreement among religious leaders. * The scientific community made advanced in mathematics and the sciences. * Rene Descartes is credited with proposing a theory that quickly altered philosophic beliefs about the separation of mind and body. * He proposed that the universe is a physical thing, and that everything in the universe is like a machine, which can be analyzed and understood. * Based on Descartes’ work  « cartesian philosophy  » began to replace religious beliefs related to the physical and spiritual beliefs of humankind. * As a direct result, a separation was created between the acts of caring and curing in the healing arts. * The reformation produced a split in the church. * A struggle between Catholic and Protestant groups spread across Europe, as a result, Catholicism lost its power in many countries. * Laws and cusotms in Protestant countries discouraged the humane care of the  « downtrodden and the weak  » CONTEMPORARY (20th century) * The existence of a great variety of doctrines of philosophy strenghtened its grasp in seeking the truth. * Among these are the doctrines of: * Karl Marx- Marxism * Immanuel Kant- Kantianism * Jean Paul Sartre- Existentialism The modern era * Florence Nightingale became a model for all nurses. She was a nurse, statistician, sanitarian, social reformer, and scholar. * she was politically astute, intelligent, and single-minded. * Although she was opposed to using church affiliation as a criterion for admision to nursing programs, her religious beliefs were evident in her dealings with students, whom she admonished to work, work, work, because  « if there is no cross, there is no crown  » * Another of nursing’s great modern leaders is Lavinia Lloid Dock * She was concerned with the many problems plaguing nursing, warning that male dominance in the health field was the major problem confronting the nursing profession.

Burka’s book Essay

On the surface ‘procrastination’ is an ideologically and psychologically fixed term – it is presumed that procrastination is definitely bad and is to be avoided. Thus there exists a whole plethora of books which seek to cure this tendency of ‘delaying. ’ And as far as such efforts go, this book is no exception, rather her book like so many others in its category systematically prescribes how to overcome what the ancients like St. Augustine called ‘acedia’ (depression leading to inordinate delays in doing anything within a time frame. What Burka misses is that it may be fine to procrastinate on doing one’s laundry over writing a thesis; to delay shaving over finishing a novel started from last night. Burka’s book suffers from giving equal importance to every work and an overt tendency to pre-plan everything. This need to plan and work towards goals is a recent phenomenon in self-help literature. Time – management books especially hinge on the setting of goals. There is a fear that by over-regimentation they kill all spontaneity and joy from life and make us automatons. But if one argues that the book is intended for clinically malefficient procrastinators then one ought to point out that self-help books are hardly written for those who need mental help. There is another point regarding this book. It is definitely a secularization of the concept of procrastination. In the seventeenth and the eighteenth centuries and even later, ‘delaying’ was inevitably associated with the cardinal sin of sloth. This book opens up the issue for humanistic debates, albeit their humanism is rooted in the ontogeny of Freud. Burka and Yeun devote a whole chapter to the interrogation of procrastination as a formed infantile reaction to clinically significant psychological events. Fear is seen as the source for the ultimate interiorization of chronically delayed work habits. They list many different fears — the fear of losing, the fear of being humiliated, etc. Ultimately it is seen that all the various phobias are just related to the process of self-actualization and Jungian individuation. In a very interesting and significant paper Jennifer M. Kosmas1 gives a similar phobic-oriented account of procrastination. Whereas she and other experts in the field are highly technical and do not try to see how the tendency to delay can be prevented; Burka and Yeun posit a reductive approach to problem solving and thus, delay – negation. In this they follow the beaten path, not merely of psychiatrists but of self-help gurus and time management experts like the legendary Stephen Covey. Covey in his The Seven Habits of Highly Effective People asks us all to problem-solve by breaking the problem into parts and then working towards the solution within fixed time frames. All this is traditional and time-tested but the real problem for true procrastinators in not to only know the cause of their disease but rather for them, it is a mortal combat against the inertia caused by time itself. This is where the book fails. It falls short of giving any really effective formula to any reader which would impel him or her to just get up and doing a thing. One can plan and write all sorts of goals and have strict time frames; this book creates a programme of two weeks for procrastination de-addiction; but at the end one might just refuse to go running according to the planned start of any exercise regimen. In the final analysis, this book is a clearly written and popular account of procrastination but it fails miserably as a serious book with any real clinical significance. Innumerable studies have shown that procrastination is often psychosomatic and related with depression. The authors, in spite of being practicing psychiatrists, do not really tackle these issues. The parable like examples strewn throughout the book are just Chicken Soup (the popular series) sort of stories. The more serious sort of reader and patient will do better to study the original Freudian works on infantile hysteria and then read Stephen Covey’s books.

Are reason and emotion equally necessary in justifying moral decisions Essay - 2

Are reason and emotion equally necessary in justifying moral decisions - Essay Example It is interesting to study the processes through which a person goes through while arriving at a final decision, specifically, moral ones that test his or her character and loyalty. Often we see that the decisions that we take are decided by many factors. We are often trained to take decisions that are unbiased, but at some point of time in our lives, we come upon a dilemma wherein we start to question established rules and seek answers to why we must not heed to put emotional values while taking decisions. We tend to ask whether logic is all that we need to face the realities of life. We tend to consider why emotions are not given due importance in the decision making processes that can severely affect out lives in the future. The tension that arises out of conflict between heeding our inner voice and heeding to logic can create many problems in life. Essentially emotion is automatic and reflexive while logic is learned and acquired. While emotions are different from person to perso n, logic is more or less standard in its approach. In a way, it may be said that emotions are the real nature of a person, while logic conditions one to conform to the rules of the society. Decision making is dependent on the importance of the situation. While deciding on important things, such as opting between the elevator or the stairs, or making a decision on skipping breakfast, a person does not need to spend much time on the decision-making process. Sometimes, a person is not even aware that a decision has been made as he or she carries on with the chores of the day. However, when it comes to moral decisions that can have important ramifications in life, a person may have to stretch his or her mental faculties beyond the mundane and summon reason and emotion to come up with the right decision. Hence, it may be seen that there are certain situations in life where emotions and logic

Personal Philosophy of Nursing Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Personal Philosophy of Nursing - Research Paper Example My understanding of nursing as a profession is informed by my nursing knowledge, experience, and insights from interacting with other professionals and stakeholders in the profession. According to me, nursing is a noble profession, which should deliver quality public service in an ethical framework with a holistic understanding of human beings in terms of their emotional, physical and social aspects. Nursing should be holistic in nature, responsive to patient needs, and respecting values of patients. Nurses should, therefore, strive to provide quality service and create a favorable environment for patients to heal. Nurses should also display a greater understanding of human beings, desire to learn and acquire new skills and knowledge, research skills, and great professional standards (Fulton, Lyon, & Goudreau, 2010). In order for nurses to be successful, they should entertain inter-professional relationships with other professionals in the health sector in order to promote values suc h as knowledge sharing and improving the quality of service given to patients (Meleis, 2011). As a professional nurse, I will be committed to a lifelong process of learning, through both formal and informal education as well as learning from hands-on- experience in order to improve my skills and knowledge.The most important element of nursing, in my opinion, is the ability to save lives through offering quality patient care, advice, and a favorable environment for patients to overcome their health challenges.

Decultralization and Education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Decultralization and Education - Essay Example Such group of students advocates for inclusion into the education system or may go a head to start their own system. The families that have been affected by the government schooling system have often sought alternative means in private institutions. Springs notes that Catholic schooling provided opportunities for the minorities who found public school unfriendly. This paper explores the work of spring in describing the education system of American society. Spring (57), has noted in his book that dominant culture in the United States of America has played a significant role in dictating education policies in United States of America. Dominant cultures or races in the United States have affected the education policies. Some student from minority groups finds it difficult to study in an environment that seems to segregate against them. Spring describes post racial society as one, which does to harbor any segregation or discriminatory traits. This seems not to be the case in America. Man y communities that live in America come from diverse backgrounds and cultures. The society should admit them the way they are and accept the presence of their children in schools without discrimination of any nature. The statement is contrary to what Spring points out in his book. He described the discrimination of the minority students in America public institutions. Post racial society contributes toward such for equality because of the inclination that many communities take towards advocating for common policies that would include members of diverse community. The blacks, whites and the Indians learn in the same institutions and would advocate for policies that give each of the communities an equal space in school. Native cultures of the American played a role in shaping the education system in 19th and 20th century. For examples, the Indians schools promoted the Indian cultures and were less friendly to the non-Indian students. Introduction of policies during the tenure of Presi dent Roosevelt provided an opportunity for creating a learning environment for students from diverse cultures. A senate sub committee of education noted the problems that student of minority cultures face in schools and came up with policies that aim at protecting them. Largely, the championing of the deculturalization by the rights activists has contributed in changing discrimination in schools. Entrenching of the non-discriminatory act has contributed towards stumping the retrogressive policies that promoted discrimination in schools. The democratic space that the society has provides a means of channeling critical issues for discussion. Incorporation of the government policies in education system of United States of America stumped out the dominant cultural policies that inhibited the democratic space in schools. The changes in the education system of United States have occurred due to respect to human rights as documented in the constitution. Legislation of the land provides an equal opportunity for people of diverse culture to pursue their interest without interference. Respect for human rights dictated the actions of people in the society. This legislation has promoted equality in public schools and has worked towards changing the treatment of the minority in schools. Teachers and students have shaped their reactions towards the minority or the less dominant groups in school based on this piece of legislations. Court cases against discrimination