William Shakespeare s Hamlet And Hamlet - 1442 Words

An author’s ability to express ideas, in a text, throughout a range of contexts preserves its enduring value. Hamlet’s ability to be portrayed in a variety of contexts is due to the multifaceted nature of revenge. Furthermore, the ability of a text to have different interpretations and discussions about these varying interpretations contributes to the textual integrity of a text. Madness and its portrayal throughout Hamlet and Hamlet’s ruminations endows audiences thoughts into the complex nature of revenge. The impacts of madness, introspection, uncertainty and honour on Hamlet’s ability to enact revenge contribute to the complex nature of revenge in Hamlet. Thus, the textual integrity of Hamlet is linked to the enduring debate over the†¦show more content†¦Hamlet’s revenge becomes more complex as his plans have to change as his original plans failed. Originally, Hamlet’s plan for revenge was â€Å"The play’s the thing wher ein I’ll catch the conscience of the king†, however, when Claudius did not announce that he was a murder, Hamlet plan for revenge had to change. Later, in Act 3, Scene 3 Hamlet catches Claudius alone praying, however, as revealed in his soliloquy â€Å"Why, this is hire and salary, not revenge† Hamlet does not think that killing Claudius whilst he is praying is proper reimbursement for the crime Claudius committed, â€Å"A villain kills my father, and for that, I his sole son do this villain send to heaven†. Act 5, Scene 5, is the end of the play where Hamlet finally takes his revenge, as he finally has trustworthy evidence that Claudius is a murderer, â€Å"Thy mother’s poisoned...the king, the king’s to blame†. Furthermore, witnesses to Claudius deed would support that Hamlet’s revenge was righteous. Therefore, Hamlet’s uncertainty in taking revenge leads to Hamlet being one of Shakespeare’s longest plays, thus s howing the complex nature of revenge. A text’s enduring nature is linked to the ability of the themes to reinforce each other. The deliberation by characters as to how their revenge will affect themselves and others, shows the complexity of revenge. Altruism is not Hamlet’s main motive in his revenge, he is more concerned withShow MoreRelatedHamlet : William Shakespeare s Hamlet1259 Words   |  6 PagesOmar Sancho Professor Christopher Cook English 201-0810 Hamlet Paper 23 May 2016 Hamlet Character Analysis â€Å"There is nothing either good or bad, but thinking makes it so.†(Act 2, Scene 2, 239-251) Hamlet by William Shakespeare is one of the most famous plays written that conveys a multitude theme. But most predominant is the presence of Hamlet s obsession with philosophy of life, throughout the play Hamlet philosophy reviles his point of view love, loyalty, the importance of family and friendsRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Hamlet - Hamlet1160 Words   |  5 PagesPart 1: Hamlet Word Count: 1000 In what ways does Shakespeare s Hamlet explore the human mind? The play Hamlet written by William Shakespeare, is seen to be an exploration of the human mind and shows the consequences our actions have when they are acted in pure impulse and emotion instead of being thought about. The character Hamlet makes majority of his decision in the heat of the moment, but had trouble deciding which action to take after intense consideration. The actions that Hamlet doesRead MoreHamlet By William Shakespeare s Hamlet1936 Words   |  8 PagesWilliam Shakespeare s, Hamlet, written in the seventeenth century and first performed in 1602, is still a complex and intriguing play that encompasses many Jungian archetypes in relation to the setting and characters. This play was approximately four centuries old before Shakespeare reworked it for the stage. Hamlet is based on events involving the death of the King of Denmark according to the Norse legends. This paper deals with a small portion of the entirety of the events in Hamlet. ScholarsRead MoreWilliam Shakesp eare s Hamlet - Hamlet And The Ghost Essay1550 Words   |  7 PagesAlthough written over 400 hundred years ago, Hamlet remains a puzzling and complex play, partially due to the ambiguous Queen Gertrude. The Queen is a puzzling character as her motives are unclear and readers question her intentions throughout the play. Townsend and Pace in The Many Faces Of Gertrude: Opening And Closing Possibilities In Classroom Talk view her â€Å"as a simple-minded, shallow woman...who has no self beyond a sexual one† while Harmonie Loberg in Queen Gertrude: Monarch, Mother, MurdererRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Hamlet Essay902 Words   |  4 PagesTo be, or not to be; that s the question† (Act III, Scene 1, P.1127) is of the most widely circulated lines. As we all know, it is also the most important part of the drama, â€Å"Hamlet†, which is one of the most famous tragedy in the literature written by William Shakespeare between from 1599 to1602. The drama was written at the age of Renaissance that reflects the reality of the British society in sixteenth century to early seventeenth century. During that period, Britain was in the era of reverseRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Hamlet 1265 Words   |  6 PagesWe have all been guilty at some point in our lives of trying to act like a conflict we ve had has not existed or been a problem at all. In William Shakespeare s Hamlet we are bombarded with characters that are avoiding conflict by acting like they don t exist. Although majority of my classmates felt Hamlet was a play about revenge, I believe Shakespeare is addressing the issue of chaos and how it cannot be rectified by conjuring up a false reality; it only pushes the conflict into further disarrayRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Hamlet 1130 Words   |  5 PagesHoratio and Hamlet that demonstrate how he changes from the beginning to the end of the play. In the epic tragedy Hamlet, by William Shakespeare, Prince Hamlet is trapped in a world of evil that is not his fault. Hamlet’s demeanor and attitude fluctuate over the course of the play. While Hamlet means well and is portrayed to be very sensitive and moral, at times he can appear to be overruled by the madness and darkness from the tragedy of his father s murder. His dealings with his dad s ghostlyRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Hamlet 1116 Words   |  5 PagesTeresa Fang Professor Moore Humanities 310 28 October 2015 To Seek Revenge or to Wait? Hamlet is a very enigmatic fellow. In Hamlet by William Shakespeare, the theme of revenge is presented as a controversial one. Before the play was set, Prince Hamlet’s uncle and new stepfather, King Claudius, had taken part in the assassination of his brother, old King Hamlet. Old King Hamlet died without a chance to receive forgiveness for his sins. As a result, his spirit is condemned to walk the earthRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Hamlet 1077 Words   |  5 Pagessuch as William Shakespeare have 4dictated their works in a way that allows for them to integrate common occurrences of new psychological findings into a text, giving them an opportunity to sculpt characters that differentiate themselves from one another. Psychoanalytical Criticism is the application of psychological studies incorporated into the findings of contemporary literature, principles founded by Sigmund Freud and Jacques Lacan are most commonly referred to in these texts. Hamlet is an identityRe ad MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Hamlet 2273 Words   |  10 Pages William Shakespeare was an English playwright, widely regarded as the greatest writer in the English language and the world s pre-eminent dramatist. Shakespeare is perhaps most famous for his tragedies. Most of his tragedies were written in a seven-year period between 1601 and 1608. One of these tragedies is his famous play Hamlet. The age of Shakespeare was a great time in English history. The reign of Queen Elizabeth saw England emerge as the leading naval and commercial power of the

Organizational Culture Employee Growth Or Over Dependency

â€Å"Culture can be both an asset and a liability to an organization† Culture is the shared principles and traditions that influence the ways its member perform. Culture within a business organization can be the difference between a good and a great company, this essay will discuss both positives and negatives of a strong culture then make a final decision about each aspect. The topics that will be covered in this essay are; Consistency or Inertia?, Strong company or flexible company? Easier hiring practices or dangerous homogeneity? Employee growth or over dependency? In a nutshell, the most prominent asset of organizational culture is employee unity, this means the culture strongly influences how employees interact with each other and†¦show more content†¦Measures such as this has been an integral part of maintaining the cultural consistency of the company. (McFarland, K. 2012) Inversely, this consistency can act as a liability in times of necessary change due to the amount of work required to implement change in the short term. A rapidly evolving external environment means organisations have to adapt their cultural practices to keep up with socio-political reform, legislation, competitive innovation and new management best practices preferred by the labor market. Socio-political issues have become a major staple in society, heavily contributing to the public perception of an organization. This in turn, can have dire consequences on an organization’s recruitment prospect, customer base and partnerships. Socio-political reform translates into anti-discrimination legislation regarding cultural practices and protection for certain demographics in the job market. Cultural Adaptation regarding these factors mean a fundamental change in the way employees think and behave. A consistent culture usually means having key senior employees, these employees may b e resistant as it may threaten their position or beliefs. In some cases, change directly threatens the roles of key employees positions. The emphasis on flatter management structures mean middle managers are now seen as redundant because of the trend freely

AIDS and Society The Growing Concern Free Essays

Over the past centuries, the field of sociology has primarily focused on looking into various problems faced by different societies not just to understand more about this.   More importantly, the study of sociology is to be able to provide the needed knowledge in order to find a solution for what has been considered as a social problem. While there are some social problems that are isolated and merely experienced by certain societies, there are some issues and concerns that have greatly affected societies found all over the world. We will write a custom essay sample on AIDS and Society: The Growing Concern or any similar topic only for you Order Now    The AIDS epidemic is one such problem. The fact that, to this day, there has yet to be an effective treatment that would successfully treat this disease has not just caused the number of individuals being infected to increase.   It has also greatly affected how other members within a particular society relate and associate with individuals infected with AIDS. This paper will discuss the different factors that have qualified the AIDS epidemic to become a social problem.   The paper would also provide relevant information regarding the background of AIDS as a disease and the various ways on how the AIDS epidemic has influenced society in general. The AIDS Epidemic In order to fully understand why the AIDS epidemic is considered as a social problem, information regarding the disease must first be established. The AIDS epidemic was the primary area of discussion in the United Nations Security Council in January 2000.   The huge priority with regards to the AIDS epidemic was in part to the alarming statistics the council received the year before. By 1999 alone, about 34 million individuals living all over the world have contracted the AIDS virus with another 18.8 million of these individuals dying from the disease in the same year. The statistics have also shown that while the AIDS epidemic is most prevalent in Africa, the United States has been ranked as the number one country in the Western world with the highest number of individuals infected and succumbing to the AIDS virus (Young, Schvaneveldt, Lindauer Schvaneveldt 2001). AIDS, which stands for Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome, is a virus which, as the name suggests, attacks the immune system of the human body.   While the virus itself is not fatal to human beings, it is the fact that the immune system of an individual who has contracted AIDS is no longer able to ward off infections and other diseases brought about by bacteria and other kinds of virus that causes the death of an individual afflicted with the AIDS virus. The virus has been traced to originate from Africa.   It is believed that the virus, which thrives in the bodies of monkeys have been able to mutate and once entered into the human body, begins to damage the immune system (Langone 1991). AIDS and Its Impact to Society For an issue to be considered as a social problem, the problem must be seen as one that poses a severe and grave threat towards the members of a particular society (Drass, Gregware Musheno 1997).   There is no doubt that the AIDS epidemic has now been recognized as a social problem that continues to grow to this day. Once believed to be a disease that only infected homosexuals engaging in sexual intercourse with members of the same sex (Langone 1991), recent studies have made societies all over the world view the AIDS epidemic in a different light. Apart from the fact that there are now individuals being inflicted with the AIDS virus as a result of unprotected sexual intercourse involving partners from the opposite sex, the AIDS virus has also been known to also inflict children. In the report provided to the United Nations Security Council in the year 2000, out of the 34.3 million individuals all over the world who have been infected with the AIDS virus, 1.3 million of these were children below the age of 15 years (Altman 1995; Young, Schvaneveldt, Lindauer Schvaneveldt 2001). The general perception that the AIDS virus is a major social problem has greatly influenced other parts of society, primarily when it comes to equality and advocacy.   How the general public perceives a particular social problem would greatly affect the association and relations that they would eventually have to those that they perceive to be the instigators of the problem. In the case with the AIDS epidemic, individuals who have been discovered to carry the disease experience a number of various incidences for racism and prejudice to arise. The most profound example of this can be seen during case proceedings in litigation hearings conducted in the court houses of the United States. Studies with regards to the manner as to how legal decision making in the United State court houses are carried have determined that social influences, particularly those involving cultural dynamics and social dynamics have greatly influenced the outcomes of various court cases which involves at least one individual who has been diagnosed to be infected with the AIDS virus (Drass, Gregware Musheno 1997). One particular social dynamics that play a crucial role in decision making process done in court houses in the United States is social status.   Studies have shown that individuals that have a higher social status ranking would be likely to experience the ruling of a court proceeding to be in their favor as opposed to those who have been considered to have a low social status. Individuals who have been infected with the AIDS virus have long been regarded as individuals with a low social status ranking primarily due to the fact that those who surround them view them as carriers of something that would definitely cause adverse harm to the individuals living with them. In effect, individuals who have been infected with the AIDS virus have been viewed within the same ranking just as how members of a particular society would view and individual indicted for committing a heinous crime (Drass, Gregware Musheno 1997). The ideologies and beliefs upheld by a particular society is another dynamics that greatly influence legal proceedings involving an individual who has been inflicted by the AIDS virus.   The culture upheld by a particular society is based on the sharing of common beliefs, traditions and ideologies among each other. Discrimination based on the culture within a particular society normally occurs based on the gender, sexuality and ethnic background of an individual.   Recently, the status of an individual as to whether or not he or she is inflicted with the AIDS virus has also been included in the list. In fact, the culture within a society in the manner as to how they perceive individuals infected with the AIDS virus not only causes decisions made during court proceedings to rule against the individual who has been inflicted with the AIDS virus. An individual who has been diagnosed to be infected with the AIDS virus are often subjected to alienation, branding and other forms of oppression from other members within a particular society (Altman 1995; Drass, Gregware Musheno 1997). How to cite AIDS and Society: The Growing Concern, Papers

True Crypt Software

Question: Discuss about theTrue Crypt Software. Answer: This is a software which is based on the use of the on-the-fly encryption where there is a need to create the virtualised encrypted disks in the file. This is in the file for the encryption of the partition or the entire storage. These are for the different platforms which are both the open and the commercialised based sources. The operating systems have been the Windows and the OS x which is supportive. There have been different hidden volume deniability features which need not be compromised based on the third party software and store the information on the unencrypted disks which will have the deniability. The operating system works on the different running operations which make it localised for the unencrypted functions and filesystems. Reference [1]M. Rost and C. Krause, "Relativer Vertraulichkeitsschutz mit TrueCrypt",Datenschutz Datensich, vol. 39, no. 7, pp. 445-448, 2015. [2]S. Cohen-Hatton and R. Honey, "Goal-oriented training affects decision-making processes in virtual and simulated fire and rescue environments.",Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, vol. 21, no. 4, pp. 395-406, 2015. [3]"LMK receives favourable ruling from US Patent and Trademark Office",Sealing Technology, vol. 2015, no. 11, p. 6, 2015. [4]S. Cohen-Hatton, P. Butler and R. Honey, "An Investigation of Operational Decision Making in Situ: Incident Command in the U.K. Fire and Rescue Service",Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, vol. 57, no. 5, pp. 793-804, 2015. [5] Loginova, Natalia, Elena Trofimenko, Olexander Zadereyko, and Rashid Chanyshev. "Program-technical aspects of encryption protection of users' data." In2016 13th International Conference on Modern Problems of Radio Engineering, Telecommunications and Computer Science (TCSET), pp. 443-445. IEEE, 2016. [6] Kiok, Jeffrey. "Missing the Metaphor: Compulsory Decryption and the Fifth Amendment."BU Pub. Int. LJ24 (2015): 53.

To Father A City Essay Sample free essay sample

Congressman Bem is a adult male on a mission. His pursuit is to do a better development of Tacloban City. He seeks the public assistance of the metropolis merely like how he. as a male parent seeks the improvement of his household in his ain place. He is a good male parent to his ain household. but the inquiry is. will he be fit to beget the citizens of Tacloban? I say yes. Here’s why. Congressman Florencio â€Å"Bem† Noel. the Representative of the An Waray Party List. tallies for mayorship in Tacloban City. He started from a macroscopic country of duty and now Congressman Bem Noel narrows down to his place. Tacloban City. to augment the city’s growing. He had an option to travel up in the ranks of political relations ; but he chose to desire nil but the best for his ain place. Modeling him to go a Father â€Å"We were raised good. We will write a custom essay sample on To Father A City Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Comfortable but non well-off†¦ we were decently educated and values were taught the manner they should be†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Cong. Bem Noel stated. Sing him in his place with a visible radiation and joyful temper with his boies and his manner is a clear indicant that Cong. Bem Noel so grew up in a well-developed household ( in footings of relationship. instruction and religion ) and decided to convey these values up now to his ain household. For college. he went to the University of Santo Tomas. Competence. Commitment and Compassion are three of UST’s Thomasian values that were instilled in Cong. Bem Noel’s personality. What a great manner to add up to the values taught by his household. â€Å"I was exposed and taken in by a fraternity brotherhood in 1998. I was exposed to the universe of politics†¦ it introduced me to non merely the universe but the people consisting it† the congresswoman verbalized. Another set of values was likely added to him the minute he joined the brotherhood. This is like acquiring new Lego pieces to add up to whatever construction you are constructing. This was where the flicker started. â€Å"It ( political calling ) started there ( brotherhood ) and opened a batch of avenues† he imparted. A Father in his ain Workplace Cong. Bem Noel is a male parent of three boies. But he is besides a male parent to his coworkers. â€Å"I put myself in their places. Sometimes I break the thin line† he spoke. This attitude promotes a healthy relationship amongst his staff. He besides mentioned â€Å"No work jobs. because whatever I ask from my staff I know how to make it. So if they don’t do it. I can† . From his statement. we can deduce that he shows duty for his occupation. He would ever be at that place to pick his staff up in instance his squad fails to make their occupation. The congresswoman shows a sense of leading and chumminess between him as the caput of the office and his components. A Father in his ain City I was in a Barangay Center detecting Cong. Bem Noel’s gift giving session in a chunky country near his place. He was giving out kgs of rice to the people. It was a show window of service to his fellow Taclobanons. Peoples are likely inquiring why a congresswoman is stepping down from a countrywide service to a city-centered proviso. This is because he wants alteration in his hometown. A good male parent wants a good hereafter for his kids. every bit much as how Cong. Bem Noel wants Tacloban to be well-brought-up. He saw jobs in his ain metropolis and aspires to do a difference. â€Å"Tacloban being the lone HUC here in Region 8 is the growing centre. Tacloban can be a beginning of employment and existent development† Cong. Noel articulated. The congresswoman has programs for the metropolis. He aims to non merely go a city manager but besides a male parent to the metropolis. All the values he earned is life is all coming down to his longing for a better Tacloban. Soon ballots will be cast and one time he wins and takes the phase. the citizens of Tacloban will be the Judgess of how he will be as city manager and male parent of the metropolis. I guess we all merely have to sit back and happen out how he fathers a metropolis. A Father in his ain Castle â€Å"Free clip? Here? No free clip. [ Laughs ] Actually. every bit much as I can I am with my childs but that’s really small clip. Even the avocations that we do are still connected with work. Free clip is so expensive in my line of work† Cong Bem Noel said. He is so a busy adult male. Flying to Manila and back to the part over and over once more certain does eats up his clip. He has small clip but does everything to pass it with his household. After the interview. he showed me how he normally spends his clip with his boies. He played hoops with them. Congressman Bem did demo some of his mad hoops accomplishments and hoop agitating shootings. For a congresswoman to ask for me ( person he neer met ) in his ain palace and play ball is a mark of cordial reception. This is a mark that shows that everyone is his friends and welcomed in his life.

History of Western Philosophy †Research Paper

History of Western Philosophy – Research Paper Free Online Research Papers History of Western Philosophy Research Paper Do you think that Descartes has satisfactorily solved the problem of mind-body dualism? The Cartesian Dualism has come across three main problems, first, whether Descartes had successfully proven the existence of the non-material thinking soul, second, whether the soul (thought) can interact with our body (extension), regardless of the truthfulness of dualism, third, and the mental-or-physical dilemma. However, we cannot find any satisfactory and adequate answer of those problems in Descartes’ dualistic philosophy 1. Descartes’ Mind-body Dualism In Cottingham J, â€Å"Cartesian man†, the author began discussing Descartes’ arguments with the comparison between animals, men and machines. Descartes held that there would still be differences even the machines are made â€Å"bore a resemblance to our bodies, and imitated our actions as closely as possible for all practical purposes (p.109).† For machines cannot â€Å"produce different arrangements of words so as to give an appropriately meaningful answer to whatever is said in its presence† and they cannot â€Å"act through understanding but only from the disposition of their organs (p.109).† That is to say, the difference is that every action or utterance of a machine is limited by environmental conditions; whereas a human can deal with everything in their life freely and creatively because he can â€Å"instantaneously interpret an indefinitely large of utterances [situation] (p.110).† Human being has a unique competence for language, which is distinguished from â€Å"utterances of animals† (p.110). Descartes claimed that â€Å"utterances of animals† are not regarded as genuine language in that their utterances are just expressions of their passion, such as hope of eating, fear and joy etc. One may ask why would human being possess such a peculiar ability that even the most sophisticated machine and a magpie (a bird can imitate people talk) would not have. To ask this question, for Descartes, is simply to ask what kind of substance that we human being exclusively own. And he would say it is our rational soul (anima rationalis) contributes to our thinking which allow us to cope with â€Å"the indefinitely diverse contingencies of life† (p.109) and be a â€Å"genuine language user† (p.109). Extension, for Descartes, is an underlying substance that contains different attributions an object has, namely weight, colour, hardness, temperature†¦and the like. Dualists maintain that a human is constituted not only of a bodily substance, but also of a thinking substance (that we have mentioned in above paragraphs). Descartes thought that the latter, which produce a thinking mind for human, should not be derived from extension. It is simply a non-material substance –that has no extension- â€Å"specially created† (p.111) and implanted in each of us by God. Nonetheless, is such a difference adequate for us to ascribe our â€Å"thinking feature† (the function of mind is to think) to a non-physical thinking soul? As we know for Descartes the words â€Å"mind† and â€Å"soul† are of no difference at all. Materialist may argue that the brain alone can produce rational thinking of human. Now let us go over the arguments offered by Descartes attempting to prove the existence of rational soul and examine their successfulness. 2. The Argument from Doubt To reach the â€Å"non-materiality of the mind† (p.112) Descartes had applied his â€Å"method of doubt† which is to find out â€Å"what cannot be doubted†. Descartes examined his own existence by doubting (imagining the disappearance of) the existence of his own body and the world he was in, until he found himself unable to doubt he was thinking (his mind existed), which assured his existence. Since one could doubt all material things, Descartes believed there were non-material substances distinct from the body giving rise to our thought. A Descartes’ critic Antoinc Arnauld reckoned that although one can imagine himself without a body, body is â€Å"indeed an essential part of him† (p.112), without which one could not even exist. Such a refutation seems to have presupposed a materialistic view, that human’s existence relies on physical substance; and it fails to falsify Cartesian’s argument because Descartes could resist by restating his mind-body dualism, saying the mind could exist alone even though the body is eliminated and immortality is a feature of soul. However, Descartes himself finally admitted that the argument could not sufficiently and deductively prove the immateriality of soul as the soul could be derived from â€Å"our undoubted existence†. 3. The Argument from Clear and Distinct Perception Descartes stated that if one could â€Å"clearly and distinctly understand† one thing apart from another, it was enough to assure him that they were two distinct things owing to their capability of being separated. Therefore, having a clear and distinct idea of myself, to the extent that â€Å"I† am simply a thinking, non-extended thing; is separated from having a distinct idea of body, in so far as this is simply and extended, non-thinking thing. In accordance with such distinction, â€Å"it is certain I am really distinct from my body and can exist without it (p.113).† Then he said that the mind and the body were complete ideas that he could conceive them alone respectively. What he wanted to point out was that if one knew that the mind (a complete idea) could exist without the body (another complete idea), then one could know that the body is no part of the mind’s essence (p.114). The problem here is that even one can clearly and distinctly discern thinking from body; it does not follow that the one who thinks must be non-corporeal. That is to say, although we can directly aware of our thinking, we cannot directly aware of â€Å"what (who) does the thinking† (p.115), which can be corporeal. 4. The Divisibility Argument This argument intended to prove that the mind and the body were two entirely different substances (non-material and material, as mentioned) by saying that mind was indivisible in nature but body was divisible. Moreover, Descartes held that if there was bodily division (e.g. cutting off a hand from a body), â€Å"nothing had thereby been taken away from the mind† (p.116). What he meant â€Å"nothing† here was simply what he called â€Å"pure thought† (to doubt, to understand, to affirm, to deny, to be willing and to be unwilling, p.122), which can â€Å"occur without physiological events taking place in the brain or anywhere else† (p.116). Critic of Descartes suggested that â€Å"our desires and our reason could pull us in opposite directions† (p.118) and such â€Å"directions† would make our consciousness not simple and indivisible. Dualist could reply that even if there were opposite directions occurring in a consciousness, that â€Å"thinking I† could just make one decision, so the mind could retain its unitariness. Again, the problem of the argument is that we cannot infer a non-corporeal soul from knowing that our consciousness is indivisible, as â€Å"what does the thinking† may still be physical. Hitherto we have not found the arguments above sufficient and satisfactory to prove the immateriality of soul. Now it is time we discovered the problems encountered by Cartesian dualism, suppose the dualistic account is true. 5. The Problem of Interaction between Mind and Body The most significant problem for dualism is the problem of interaction between mind and body. As we all know mental changes and physical changes can cause one another. Some kind of causal flow from mind to body and vice versa is necessary in order for such things to be possible. However, since mind and body are defined by Descartes in terms of â€Å"not just distinct but mutually incompatible attributes†, it is not easy to see how such causal flow is possible (p.119). That is to say, it is difficult to see how the soul can initiate bodily movement. In spite of this, we are also curious about where the soul is supposed to take place. Descartes thought that it was located in the innermost part of the brain, which is a certain very small gland situated in the middle of the brain’s substance. (p.121) In other words, the point of interaction between soul and body must be within the brain. He proceeded to say that there must be one place where the dual data from sense organs (eyes and ears etc.), were integrated, so as to enable the soul to have a single (visual or auditory) perception (p.121). Here, the soul was like a little man inside the brain viewing the images from the optic nerves converge. The fatal problem of the thesis was that the pineal gland is the ‘principal seat’ of the soul only postponed, and did not solve the problem of how psycho-physical interaction is possible.† 6. Sensation and Imagination There is another difficulty of Descartes mind-body theory namely the mental-or-physical dilemma. It implies that we, human beings, are also dealing with some psycho-physical phenomena which are not categorized as either purely mental or purely physical. Now it seems that the two categories, mind and body, created by Descartes cannot include all human experience. Let us look at how Descartes pondered on his nature: But what then am I? A thing that thinks. What is that? A thing that doubts, understands, affirms, denies, is willing, is unwilling and also imagines and has sensory perceptions. (p.122) We should have no question about the first four activities, they are what Descartes regarded as â€Å"pure actions of the soul†; whereas the last two ones, imaginare and sentire, he had a different account on them. Descartes assured that when one had sense-perception, some actually present external objects printed an idea or a figure of themselves on his senses. These images would then be imprinted on the pineal gland and perceived by the mind; furthermore, when one had imagination, his mind imprinted some images on the gland, fashioned and shaped them in the brain in the absence of external objects. (p.123) We know from the above that imaginare and sentire are not activities we can practise with our pure intellect (mind) alone. It requires physiological activity which also requires optic and auditory nerves and brain activity, movements in the pineal gland. That is to say, without sensory nerves, we cannot perceive; without pineal gland (brain), we cannot imagine. One may ask why sensory experience and imagination involve brain activity. Descartes’ answer was that imagination needed a ‘peculiar mental effort’ (p.125): suppose we were conceiving and imagining some geometrical figures, we could conceive a dodecagon rather easily but we would feel strange (confused) when imagining it. So there was always a ‘curious gap’ between our purely intellectual cognition of the figure being considered and our ability to imagine and visualize it (p.125). This sensation of having to wait until one finishes visualizing the figure is exactly the evidence of non-pure-intellectuality of imagination. On the other hand, sensory experiences, Descartes noted, like hunger and thirst, taught people that they (their souls) were very closely joined or even intermingled with their bodies, so that they and their bodies could form a unit. The soul here, is like â€Å"a sailor perceives by sight if anything in his ship is broken. (p.125)† Therefore when their bodies needed food or water, they should have explicit understanding of the fact, that is, they knew they are hungry and they knew they are thirsty. In addition, Descartes insisted, some sensations, like hunger, could not be clearly and distinctly conceived, they are inherently ‘confused’. So we can see the difference between, on the one hand, doubting, understanding, affirming, denying, is willing, unwilling; on the other hand, imagining and having sensory perception. For the last two ones have an inherently confused, indefinable, subjective quality which requires the hybrid of mind and body. The dualistic problem here is that both the faculties of imagination and sensation are not straightforwardly ‘mental’, and they are capable of being accommodated with Descartes’ official dualistic schema. Official dualistic schema seems impotent to explain the complex psycho-physical phenomena. 7. Conclusion Even Cartesian dualists can reply the question of how psycho-physical interaction is possible by saying the sensation (sense-perception and imagination) is exactly the evidence of the psycho-physical interaction. However it is still inadequate to answer how the mind initiates the bodily action. Conclusively, Descartes failed to, first, prove the existence of non-material soul; second, he failed handle of the problem of how mind and body interact, and, last but now least, his dualistic theory was unable give an account on the complexity of imagination and sensory perceptions (psycho-physical phenomena). 8. References Cottingham J, â€Å"Cartesian Man†, in Descartes, Oxford: Blackwell, 1986, Ch.5 Research Papers on History of Western Philosophy - Research PaperComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoGenetic EngineeringMind TravelBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfUnreasonable Searches and SeizuresResearch Process Part OneThree Concepts of PsychodynamicThe Spring and AutumnAnalysis Of A Cosmetics AdvertisementBringing Democracy to Africa

Utube Video - Reflection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Utube Video - Reflection - Essay Example Unlike Mr. Bennet though, I never bring myself to admit that in public. Rather, it is a distance that i allow to fester until it destroys the relationship I have with the family member. Now I realize that it is never a bad thing to admit guilt for it can help to build or rebuild relationships instead. I am happy that I heard his message. It has helped me to change my outlook in life. Jamaica Orsorio speaks of how the immigrants of America have forgotten their homeland roots so much that they no longer even recall their parents original names. She speaks of the pain of losing ones heritage forever as the immigrant becomes more Americanized in look and language. With their adaptation of the American way of life, their roots shall die because no one shall be left to remember how their race once lived. Immigrants are people who come to the United States for a better life. Unfortunately, the better life means having to let go of their past. Ignoring their heritage and adapting the new one for their benefit. As I listened to Ms. Orsorios words, I could not help but wonder about how her message did not apply merely to her race, but to all the immigrants living in the United States. Heritages die out because of the Americanization of immigrant families. It makes me wonder if their immersion into the American way of life is a bad or good thing. After all, culture and heritage are the ways by which civilizations continue to grow and evolve. Once people forget their roots, their culture and heritage dies. I am quite sad as I sit here imagining a world with with only culture and heritage which is what will happen to the United States as the immigrant families continue to adapt to the American way of life. However, maybe, just maybe, it is a necessary evil that in turn helps the American w ay of life